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*Girard, René (March 1, 1988). [http://books.google.com/books?id=x4qDrNKVC5gC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=Ren%C3%A9+Girard+nietzsche+and+madness&source=bl&ots=DQFLJpqjJd&sig=mXNq_6J6_qTciP2vW-FHojwBn20&hl=en&ei=hv99Sp0Y2YG2B8Ogsf4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Chapter 4: Strategies of madness—Nietzsche, Wagner and Dostoevsky" [preview]]. ''To Double Business Bound'' (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press), pp. 61-82+. Preview retrieved from GoogleBooks on July 25, 2014.
*Girard, René (March 1, 1988). [http://books.google.com/books?id=x4qDrNKVC5gC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=Ren%C3%A9+Girard+nietzsche+and+madness&source=bl&ots=DQFLJpqjJd&sig=mXNq_6J6_qTciP2vW-FHojwBn20&hl=en&ei=hv99Sp0Y2YG2B8Ogsf4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Chapter 4: Strategies of madness—Nietzsche, Wagner and Dostoevsky" [preview]]. ''To Double Business Bound'' (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press), pp. 61-82+. Preview retrieved from GoogleBooks on July 25, 2014.
*Palmquist, Stephen (1995). [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/top/top19 "Chapter 19: Nietzsche's moral breakthrough"]. ''The Tree of Philosophy'' (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press). Retrieved from Hong Kong Baptist University website on July 25, 2014.</ref>]]
*Palmquist, Stephen (1995). [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/top/top19 "Chapter 19: Nietzsche's moral breakthrough"]. ''The Tree of Philosophy'' (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press). Retrieved from Hong Kong Baptist University website on July 25, 2014.</ref>]]
=== Friedrich Nitzsche's insanity ===
Currently, there is an ongoing debate on whether [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s insanity was caused purely through disease or whether his atheistic/[[nihilism|nihilistic]] philosophical outlook on life was the cause.<ref name="Nietzsche"/>
Currently, there is an ongoing debate on whether [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s insanity was caused purely through disease or whether his atheistic/[[nihilism|nihilistic]] philosophical outlook on life was the cause.<ref name="Nietzsche"/>
An article published on the Hong Kong Baptist University declares:
An article published on the Hong Kong Baptist University declares:
{{cquote|Trying to explain what caused his insanity can only be a matter of speculation. Some people believe it was the result of a physical illness. Others interpret his suffering as that of a true prophet, almost as if he were accepting the punishment on behalf of those who could not see mankind's tendency towards self-destruction so clearly. Still others regard his final fate as a natural outcome of his philosophical outlook.<ref>Palmquist, Stephen (1995). [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/top/top19 "Chapter 19: Nietzsche's moral breakthrough"]. ''The Tree of Philosophy'' (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press). Retrieved from Hong Kong Baptist University website on July 25, 2014.</ref>}}
{{cquote|Trying to explain what caused his insanity can only be a matter of speculation. Some people believe it was the result of a physical illness. Others interpret his suffering as that of a true prophet, almost as if he were accepting the punishment on behalf of those who could not see mankind's tendency towards self-destruction so clearly. Still others regard his final fate as a natural outcome of his philosophical outlook.<ref>Palmquist, Stephen (1995). [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/top/top19 "Chapter 19: Nietzsche's moral breakthrough"]. ''The Tree of Philosophy'' (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press). Retrieved from Hong Kong Baptist University website on July 25, 2014.</ref>}}
The Russian-born psychoanalyst and writer Lou Andreas-Salomé, who had a brief and tempestuous affair with Nietzsche, believed that Nietzsche's philosophy can be viewed as a reflection of his psychology and that his madness was the result of his philosophizing.<ref>Salomé, Lou (1988). [http://www.amazon.com/Nietzsche-Lou-Salome/dp/0252070356 ''Nietzsche'' [preview]] (University of Illinois). Translation of ''Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werken'' (1894) translated by Mandel, Elise and Mandel, Theo S. Preview retrieved from Amazon.com on July 25, 2014.</ref> In addition, the French historian René Girard asserted that Nietzsche's philosophy led to his insanity.<ref>Girard, René (March 1, 1988). [http://books.google.com/books?id=x4qDrNKVC5gC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=Ren%C3%A9+Girard+nietzsche+and+madness&source=bl&ots=DQFLJpqjJd&sig=mXNq_6J6_qTciP2vW-FHojwBn20&hl=en&ei=hv99Sp0Y2YG2B8Ogsf4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Chapter 4: Strategies of madness—Nietzsche, Wagner and Dostoevsky" [preview]]. ''To Double Business Bound'' (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press), pp. 61-82+. Preview retrieved from GoogleBooks on July 25, 2014.</ref>
=== Religious belief and self-control ===
=== Religious belief and self-control ===