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Radical Republicans (view source)

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Stevens was one of two Congressmen in July 1861 opposing the [[Crittenden-Johnson Resolution]] stating the limited war aim of restoring the Union while preserving slavery; he helped repeal it in December. In August, 1861, he supported the first law attacking slavery, the Confiscation Act that said owners would forfeit any slaves they allowed to help the Confederate war effort. By December he was the first Congressional leader pushing for emancipation as a tool to weaken the rebellion. He called for total war on January 22, 1862:

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"Let us not be deceived. Those who talk about peace in sixty days are shallow statesmen. The war will not end until the government shall more fully recognize the magnitude of the crisis; until they have discovered that this is an internecine war in which one party or the other must be reduced to hopeless feebleness and the power of further effort shall be utterly annihilated. It is a sad but true alternative. The South can never be reduced to that condition so long as the war is prosecuted on its present principles. The North with all its millions of people and its countless wealth can never conquer the South until a new mode of warfare is adopted. So long as these states are left the means of cultivating their fields through forced labor, you may expend the blood of thousands and billions of money year by year, without being any nearer the end, unless you reach it by your own submission and the ruin of the nation. Slavery gives the South a great advantage in time of war. They need not, and do not, withdraw a single hand from the cultivation of the soil. Every able-bodied white man can be spared for the army. The black man, without lifting a weapon, is the mainstay of the war. How, then, can the war be carried on so as to save the Union and constitutional liberty? Prejudices may be shocked, weak minds startled, weak nerves may tremble, but they must hear and adopt it. Universal emancipation must be proclaimed to all. Those who now furnish the means of war, but who are the natural enemies of slaveholders, must be made our allies. If the slaves no longer raised cotton and rice, tobacco and grain for the rebels, this war would cease in six months, even though the liberated slaves would not raise a hand against their masters. They would no longer produce the means by which they sustain the war."<ref> Woodburn 178-179 </ref> </blockquote>

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"Let us not be deceived. Those who talk about peace in sixty days are shallow statesmen. The war will not end until the government shall more fully recognize the magnitude of the crisis; until they have discovered that this is an internecine war in which one party or the other must be reduced to hopeless feebleness and the power of further effort shall be utterly annihilated. It is a sad but true alternative. The South can never be reduced to that condition so long as the war is prosecuted on its present principles. The North with all its millions of people and its countless wealth can never conquer the South until a new mode of warfare is adopted. So long as these states are left the means of cultivating their fields through forced labor, you may expend the blood of thousands and billions of money year by year, without being any nearer the end, unless you reach it by your own submission and the ruin of the nation. Slavery gives the South a great advantage in time of war. They need not, and do not, withdraw a single hand from the cultivation of the soil. Every able-bodied white man can be spared for the army. The black man, without lifting a weapon, is the mainstay of the war. How, then, can the war be carried on so as to save the Union and constitutional liberty? Prejudices may be shocked, weak minds startled, weak nerves may tremble, but they must hear and adopt it. Universal emancipation must be proclaimed to all. Those who now furnish the means of war, but who are the natural enemies of slaveholders, must be made our allies. If the slaves no longer raised cotton and rice, tobacco and grain for the rebels, this war would cease in six months, even though the liberated slaves would not raise a hand against their masters. They would no longer produce the means by which they sustain the war."<ref>Woodburn 178-179</ref> </blockquote>

The Radicals vigorously pushed fellow Republican, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the [[Civil War]] when they thought he was not moving fast enough to destroy slavery or recruit Blacks for the Army.

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* Beale Howard K. ''The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction''. (1930)

* Belz, Herman. ''Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era'' (1978) pro-moderate. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103250477 online edition] by a leading conservative historians

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* Belz, Herman. ''Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era,'' (1998) 268 pgs. by a leading conservative historians[http://www.questia.com/library/book/abraham-lincoln-constitutionalism-and-equal-rights-in-the-civil-war-era-by-herman-belz.jsp online edition]

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* Belz, Herman. ''Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era,'' (1998) 268 pgs. by a leading conservative historians [http://www.questia.com/library/book/abraham-lincoln-constitutionalism-and-equal-rights-in-the-civil-war-era-by-herman-belz.jsp online edition]

* Belz, Herman. ''A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedman's Rights, 1861-1866'' (2000) pro-moderate. by a leading conservative historians

* Benedict Michael Les. ''A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction 1863-1869''. (1974)

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* Hyman, Harold M., ed. ''The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861-1870''. (1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets.

* McPherson, Edward. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN04007498&id=kaG2Am68tuAC&pg=PP3&dq=mcpherson+period+of+reconstruction '' The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction'' (1875)], large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865-1870, complete text online. [The copyright has expired.]

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* Nicolay, John and John Hay, "The Wade-Davis Manifesto" ''Century'' (July 1889): pp ~~414-21~~ [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABP2287-0038-89 online version] hoe Lincoln vetoes the Radical plan for Reconstruction; Nicolay and Hay were top aides to Lincoln

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* Nicolay, John and John Hay, "The Wade-Davis Manifesto" ''Century'' (July 1889): pp 414–21 [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABP2287-0038-89 online version] hoe Lincoln vetoes the Radical plan for Reconstruction; Nicolay and Hay were top aides to Lincoln

* Palmer, Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa, eds. ''The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens'' 2 vol (1998), 900pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens

* Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. ''The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner'' 2 vol (1990); vol 2 covers 1859-1874

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*[http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Radical-Republicans NationMaster]

[[Category:United States History]]

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[[Category: United States Congress]]

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[[Category:United States Congress]]

[[Category:American Civil War]]

[[Category:Black History]]

[[Category:Reconstruction]]

[[Category:Abolitionists]]

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