Changes

|isbn=978-0-85234-707-2

|isbn=978-0-85234-707-2

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EOFfAAAACAAJ&dq=Andrews+who+made+God&source=bl&ots=5Ru2cf9HRQ&sig=PilSMEqTMAmqtoUgJ9idnBQpH64&hl=en&sa=X&ei=099xUNuqE43KtAa8uICIDA&redir_esc=y

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EOFfAAAACAAJ&dq=Andrews+who+made+God&source=bl&ots=5Ru2cf9HRQ&sig=PilSMEqTMAmqtoUgJ9idnBQpH64&hl=en&sa=X&ei=099xUNuqE43KtAa8uICIDA&redir_esc=y

|quote= Stephen Hawking puts it thus: 'So long as the universe had a beginning, we could suppose it had a creator. But if universe is really completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, it would have neither beginning not end; it would simply be. What place then for creator?'}}</ref> See also: [[Singularity#Antipathy_to_the_idea_of_beginning|Antipathy to the idea of beginning]]|group=note}} A.G. Riess declares that Einstein's original idea was to have constant amount of energy in the space.<ref name="RiessNobel"/> When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web

|quote= Stephen Hawking puts it thus: 'So long as the universe had a beginning, we could suppose it had a creator. But if universe is really completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, it would have neither beginning not end; it would simply be. What place then for creator?'}}</ref> See also: [[Singularity#Antipathy to the idea of beginning|Antipathy to the idea of beginning]]|group=note}} A.G. Riess declares that Einstein's original idea was to have constant amount of energy in the space.<ref name="RiessNobel"/> When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web

|author=Alexander Friedmann

|author=Alexander Friedmann

|title=Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes

|title=Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes

|volume=21

|volume=21

|issue=1

|issue=1

|pages=326-332

|pages=326–332

|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924ZPhy...21..326F

|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924ZPhy...21..326F

|doi=10.1007/BF01328280

|doi=10.1007/BF01328280

|language=German}}</ref> and Belgian catholic priest and professor of physics G.Lemaître (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|author=G. Lemaître |title=Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 |page=49 |month=April |year=1927 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1927ASSB...47...49L&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf |language=French}}</ref> independently found that Einstein's gravitational field equations of [[General relativity|general relativity]] have non-static cosmological solution<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book

|language=German}}</ref> and Belgian catholic priest and professor of physics G.Lemaître (1927)<ref>{{Cite web|author=G. Lemaître |title=Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 |page=49 |month=April |year=1927 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1927ASSB...47...49L&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf |language=French}}</ref> independently found that Einstein's gravitational field equations of [[general relativity]] have non-static cosmological solution<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book

| author = David Berlinski

| author = David Berlinski

| title = The Devil’s Delusion

| title = The Devil’s Delusion

|chapter = The Cause

|chapter = The Cause

| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php

| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php

| quote = }}</ref> implying an [[Expanding universe|expanding ]] or collapsing universe<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|pages=110|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EvN9Gfbox74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dismantling+Big&source=bl&ots=uuIXDOw4ld&sig=wWFH6PJy2ZW5JQc8N59jTX5FVd0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9WlsUJ-cJ8bGtAasp4H4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=CSR&f=false|quote=...his equations were telling [Einstein] that [the universe] had to be either collapsing or expanding...A large value [of cosmological constant] would cause large redshifts and spacial distortion in nearby objects...[the cosmological constant ...involves fine-tuning of over 120 orders of magnitude (quoted Lawrence Krauss)]}}</ref>, Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called cosmological term.<ref name="CSR">{{cite book  

| quote = }}</ref> implying an [[Expanding universe|expanding]] or collapsing universe,<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|pages=110|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EvN9Gfbox74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dismantling+Big&source=bl&ots=uuIXDOw4ld&sig=wWFH6PJy2ZW5JQc8N59jTX5FVd0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9WlsUJ-cJ8bGtAasp4H4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=CSR&f=false|quote=...his equations were telling [Einstein] that [the universe] had to be either collapsing or expanding...A large value [of cosmological constant] would cause large redshifts and spacial distortion in nearby objects...[the cosmological constant ...involves fine-tuning of over 120 orders of magnitude (quoted Lawrence Krauss)]}}</ref> Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called cosmological term.<ref name="CSR">{{cite book  

|author=Moshe Carmeli

|author=Moshe Carmeli

|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition

|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition

|iisue=116

|iisue=116

|doi=10.1086/300499

|doi=10.1086/300499

|pages=1009-1038

|pages=1009–1038

}}</ref> and in December the same year the new discovery of the accelerating universe was declared to be "Breakthrough of the Year" in the journal ''Science''.<ref>{{cite web

}}</ref> and in December the same year the new discovery of the accelerating universe was declared to be "Breakthrough of the Year" in the journal ''Science''.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1998/dec/18/science-chooses-accelerating-universe-as-breakthrough-of-the

|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1998/dec/18/science-chooses-accelerating-universe-as-breakthrough-of-the

|volume=282  

|volume=282  

|issue=5397  

|issue=5397  

|pages=2156-2157

|pages=2156–2157

|doi=10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a

|doi=10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a

|quote=In 1998, astronomers peered into the universe and found that it is flying apart ever faster, suggesting that Einstein was right when he posited a mysterious energy that fills "empty" space, and in fact that most of the energy of the universe is in this form. Two independent teams of astronomers found that not only is there too little matter in the universe to ever halt the expansion of the universe on its own, but the outward motion appears to be speeding up, not slowing down. At the same time, the finding raises such profound questions about the nature of space that cosmologists are wondering whether the ultimate fate of the universe can ever be known for certain. We therefore name their findings, which transform our view of the universe and pose fundamental new questions for physics, as Breakthrough of the Year for 1998.

|quote=In 1998, astronomers peered into the universe and found that it is flying apart ever faster, suggesting that Einstein was right when he posited a mysterious energy that fills "empty" space, and in fact that most of the energy of the universe is in this form. Two independent teams of astronomers found that not only is there too little matter in the universe to ever halt the expansion of the universe on its own, but the outward motion appears to be speeding up, not slowing down. At the same time, the finding raises such profound questions about the nature of space that cosmologists are wondering whether the ultimate fate of the universe can ever be known for certain. We therefore name their findings, which transform our view of the universe and pose fundamental new questions for physics, as Breakthrough of the Year for 1998.

|accessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref>  

|accessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref>  

It has been however declared that [[Moshe Carmeli|Carmeli]]'s theory which has no explicit cosmological constant implies its equivalence of <math>\Lambda</math> = 1.934 × 10^-35 s^-2 and this value is supposed to be in excellent agreement with measurements.<ref name="Cosmological Constant">{{cite web|author=Moshe Carmeli|date=20 November 2002|title=Fundamental Approach to the Cosmological Constant Issue|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=17|issue=29|pages=|doi=10.1142/S0217751X02013253|url=www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X02013253}}</ref> The 'force' pushing the universe apart, which invokes the ideas about [[dark energy]] is more correctly just a property of the correct metric.<ref name="starlight">{{cite book| last = Hartnett| first = John| authorlink = | title = Starlight, Time and the New Physics| publisher = Creation Ministries International| series = | year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-0-949-906687|pages=154|quote=}}</ref>

It has been however declared that [[Moshe Carmeli|Carmeli]]'s theory which has no explicit cosmological constant implies its equivalence of <math>\Lambda</math> = 1.934 × 10⁻³⁵ s⁻² and this value is supposed to be in excellent agreement with measurements.<ref name="Cosmological Constant">{{cite web|author=Moshe Carmeli|date=20 November 2002|title=Fundamental Approach to the Cosmological Constant Issue|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=17|issue=29|pages=|doi=10.1142/S0217751X02013253|url=http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X02013253}}</ref> The 'force' pushing the universe apart, which invokes the ideas about [[dark energy]] is more correctly just a property of the correct metric.<ref name="starlight">{{cite book| last = Hartnett| first = John| authorlink = | title = Starlight, Time and the New Physics| publisher = Creation Ministries International| series = | year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-0-949-906687|pages=154|quote=}}</ref>

== Notes ==

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Cosmology]]

[[Category:Cosmology]]

[[Category: Physics]]

[[Category:Physics]]