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{{cquote|Medical literature shows homosexuals to be at especially high risk for syphilis. The Archives of Internal Medicine reported on a study in 1991 that found, "Homosexually active men are significantly more likely to report syphilis and less likely to present with primary syphilis than heterosexual men." The British Co-operative Clinical Group noted that homosexuals acquired syphilis at a rate ten times that of heterosexuals. Other journals also note a high correlation of homosexuality and syphilis.<ref>1997 webpage of Concerned Women of America is no longer in existence</ref>}}

{{cquote|Medical literature shows homosexuals to be at especially high risk for syphilis. The Archives of Internal Medicine reported on a study in 1991 that found, "Homosexually active men are significantly more likely to report syphilis and less likely to present with primary syphilis than heterosexual men." The British Co-operative Clinical Group noted that homosexuals acquired syphilis at a rate ten times that of heterosexuals. Other journals also note a high correlation of homosexuality and syphilis.<ref>1997 webpage of Concerned Women of America is no longer in existence</ref>}}

The medical literature has many articles associating homosexuality with syphilis or reporting syphilis is increasing among homosexual men in various countries (syphilis is increasing in many developed countries among the homosexual men population). <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17463387&ordinalpos=14&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States'',American Journal of Public Health, Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS, 2007 Jun;97(6):1076-83]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17609033&ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''A syphilis outbreak: recent trends in infectious syphilis in Birmingham, UK, in 2005 and control strategies, International Journal of STD & AIDS'', Yarlagadda S, Acharya S, Goold P, Ward DJ, Ross JD., 2007 Jun;18(6):410-2]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17507325&ordinalpos=11&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum  Outbreak of syphilis, but not of acute hepatitis C, among HIV-infected homosexual men in Madrid, HIV Clinical Trials, 2007 Mar-Apr;8(2):98-101]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17331279&ordinalpos=20&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Methamphetamine use and sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men diagnosed with early syphilis in Los Angeles County, International Journal of STD & AIDS'', 2007 Feb;18(2):93-7''.]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17179773&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus ''Rising rates of syphilis in the era of syphilis elimination, Sexually Transmitted Diseases'', 2007 Mar;34(3):154-61]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17609034&ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''The syphilis outbreak in Northern Ireland, International journal of STD & AIDS'', 2007 Jun;18(6):413-7]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17279049&ordinalpos=26&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''HIV-1, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual behavior trends among men who have sex with men in Lima, Peru, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes'', 2007 Apr 15;44(5):578-85]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17197882&ordinalpos=30&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases'', 2007 Feb;20(1):54-9]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17044220&ordinalpos=41&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Making sense of syphilis: beliefs, behaviours and disclosure among gay men recently diagnosed with infectious syphilis and the implications for prevention, Sexual Health'', 2006 Sep;3(3):155-61]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16794277&ordinalpos=53&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Re-emergence of syphilis in Sweden: results from a surveillance study for 2004, Euro Surveillance'', 2005 Nov 10;10(11):E051110.2 ]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=11374006&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus '' [HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis are increasing among homosexual men'',Läkartidningen, 2001 Apr 11;98(15):1793-5]</ref>

The medical literature has many articles associating homosexuality with syphilis or reporting syphilis is increasing among homosexual men in various countries (syphilis is increasing in many developed countries among the homosexual men population).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17463387&ordinalpos=14&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States'',American Journal of Public Health, Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS, 2007 Jun;97(6):1076-83]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17609033&ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''A syphilis outbreak: recent trends in infectious syphilis in Birmingham, UK, in 2005 and control strategies, International Journal of STD & AIDS'', Yarlagadda S, Acharya S, Goold P, Ward DJ, Ross JD., 2007 Jun;18(6):410-2]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17507325&ordinalpos=11&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum  Outbreak of syphilis, but not of acute hepatitis C, among HIV-infected homosexual men in Madrid, HIV Clinical Trials, 2007 Mar-Apr;8(2):98-101]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17331279&ordinalpos=20&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Methamphetamine use and sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men diagnosed with early syphilis in Los Angeles County, International Journal of STD & AIDS'', 2007 Feb;18(2):93-7''.]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17179773&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus ''Rising rates of syphilis in the era of syphilis elimination, Sexually Transmitted Diseases'', 2007 Mar;34(3):154-61]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17609034&ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''The syphilis outbreak in Northern Ireland, International journal of STD & AIDS'', 2007 Jun;18(6):413-7]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17279049&ordinalpos=26&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''HIV-1, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual behavior trends among men who have sex with men in Lima, Peru, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes'', 2007 Apr 15;44(5):578-85]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17197882&ordinalpos=30&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases'', 2007 Feb;20(1):54-9]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17044220&ordinalpos=41&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Making sense of syphilis: beliefs, behaviours and disclosure among gay men recently diagnosed with infectious syphilis and the implications for prevention, Sexual Health'', 2006 Sep;3(3):155-61]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16794277&ordinalpos=53&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum ''Re-emergence of syphilis in Sweden: results from a surveillance study for 2004, Euro Surveillance'', 2005 Nov 10;10(11):E051110.2 ]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=11374006&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus '' [HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis are increasing among homosexual men'',Läkartidningen, 2001 Apr 11;98(15):1793-5]</ref>

==Syphilis, Gay Bowel Syndrome, and HIV Infection==

==Syphilis, Gay Bowel Syndrome, and HIV Infection==

Syphilis is one of the conditions associated with [[Gay Bowel Syndrome|gay bowel syndome]] which is condition which has been linked to [[HIV]] infection.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref><ref>[http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide - duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome]</ref>  

Syphilis is one of the conditions associated with [[Gay Bowel Syndrome|gay bowel syndome]] which is condition which has been linked to [[HIV]] infection.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref><ref>[http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide - duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome]</ref>  

==Neurosyphilis and Urban Homosexual Populations in the United States==

==Neurosyphilis and Urban Homosexual Populations in the United States==

The LA Weekly reported the following in July of 2007:

The LA Weekly reported the following in July 2007:

{{cquote|On June 29, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that [[neurosyphilis]] — a serious and rare form of syphilis, which can lead to blindness and stroke — had been found in HIV-positive gay and bisexual men in Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago and New York...

{{cquote|On June 29, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that [[neurosyphilis]] — a serious and rare form of syphilis, which can lead to blindness and stroke — had been found in HIV-positive gay and bisexual men in Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago and New York...

The report looked at cases over a 30-month period, January 2002 to June 2004, and narrowed them to 99 patients who had evidence of syphilis in their blood and physical symptoms compatible with neurosyphilis. Of the total, 57 self-identified as MSM, while 49 were HIV positive.<ref>http://americansfortruth.com/issues/health-science/physical-health/page/2/</ref>}}

The report looked at cases over a 30-month period, January 2002 to June 2004, and narrowed them to 99 patients who had evidence of syphilis in their blood and physical symptoms compatible with neurosyphilis. Of the total, 57 self-identified as MSM, while 49 were HIV positive.<ref>http://americansfortruth.com/issues/health-science/physical-health/page/2/</ref>}}

==See Also==

==See also==

*[[Homosexuality]]

*[[Homosexuality]]

*[[Homosexuality and Health]]

*[[Homosexuality and Health]]