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===British Colonial rule===

===British Colonial rule===

The Anglo-French imperial rivalry, particularly the [[French and Indian War]] of 1754-1763, (the [[Seven Years War]]) found France and and Britain at war yet again. The key to control of North America was the fortress at Quebec, which the British were determined to capture. In 1759 Major General James Wolfe, exploiting Britain's superior navy, seized Quebec City after a long and destructive siege. Montreal surrendered in 1760, and three years later the Treaty of Paris transferred New France to British control.

The Anglo-French imperial rivalry, particularly the [[French and Indian War]] of 1754-1763, (the [[Seven Years War]]) found France and Britain at war yet again. The key to control of North America was the fortress at Quebec, which the British were determined to capture. In 1759 Major General James Wolfe, exploiting Britain's superior navy, seized Quebec City after a long and destructive siege. Montreal surrendered in 1760, and three years later the Treaty of Paris transferred New France to British control.

The British renamed the colony the Province of Quebec as British officials replaced royal officials who returned to France. Otherwise there was little change. Merchants prospered in the towns, while the seigneurs as a class declined slightly. The habitants prospered for they had a hungry new market for their wheat in London. A few sent sent their sons to the seminaries in Quebec and Montreal or to the collèges classiques. These private schools, established after 1800, prepared young men for careers as priests, teachers, lawyers, and doctors, thereby creating for the first time an intellectual class that proved central to Quebec's political development. Some French Canadians took minor government posts; most remained in agriculture. Entrepreneurial immigrants from America and England came to monopolize trade and commerce, which centered in Quebec City and Montreal.

The British renamed the colony the Province of Quebec as British officials replaced royal officials who returned to France. Otherwise there was little change. Merchants prospered in the towns, while the seigneurs as a class declined slightly. The habitants prospered for they had a hungry new market for their wheat in London. A few sent sent their sons to the seminaries in Quebec and Montreal or to the collèges classiques. These private schools, established after 1800, prepared young men for careers as priests, teachers, lawyers, and doctors, thereby creating for the first time an intellectual class that proved central to Quebec's political development. Some French Canadians took minor government posts; most remained in agriculture. Entrepreneurial immigrants from America and England came to monopolize trade and commerce, which centered in Quebec City and Montreal.

{{main|Quebec Act}}

{{main|Quebec Act}}

In 1774 the British Parliament, threatened by restless American colonies, sought Canadiens' loyalty by passing the [[Quebec Act]]. It became the Magna Carta of French-Canadian liberties, for it guaranteed basic rights, with an oath of loyalty to the Crown replacing the anti-Catholic oaths. The Roman Catholic Church gained official recognition, and the the Act enabled it legally to collect the tithe (a 10% tax on farm produce). Government was vested in a governor and a legislative council, which had full power of internal legislation and taxation. The French civil law was restored in place of English common law, although English criminal law was retained. In addition, the French language received official approval. Finally, the boundaries of Quebec were extended to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. British concessions strengthened conservative Canadiens and made them loyal to the British Crown at the moment when revolution was sweeping the American colonies. Indeed, the Americans were especially angry with the Quebec Act because it gave Catholics generous new rights while Britain was cutting back on the rights of Americans.  

In 1774 the British Parliament, threatened by restless American colonies, sought Canadiens' loyalty by passing the [[Quebec Act]]. It became the Magna Carta of French-Canadian liberties, for it guaranteed basic rights, with an oath of loyalty to the Crown replacing the anti-Catholic oaths. The Roman Catholic Church gained official recognition, and the Act enabled it legally to collect the tithe (a 10% tax on farm produce). Government was vested in a governor and a legislative council, which had full power of internal legislation and taxation. The French civil law was restored in place of English common law, although English criminal law was retained. In addition, the French language received official approval. Finally, the boundaries of Quebec were extended to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. British concessions strengthened conservative Canadiens and made them loyal to the British Crown at the moment when revolution was sweeping the American colonies. Indeed, the Americans were especially angry with the Quebec Act because it gave Catholics generous new rights while Britain was cutting back on the rights of Americans.  

When the Americans went to war with Britain in 1775 they called upon Canadians to revolt, and sent small armies in 1775-76 to remove British power. Many habitants sympathized with the Americans and formed regiments that fought under [[George Washington]]. Others supported the British; most remained neutral.  The British repulsed the Americans, who retreated home.  Quebec then became a base for the invasion of New York that was decisively defeated with the surrender of the main British army at Saratoga in 1777.

When the Americans went to war with Britain in 1775 they called upon Canadians to revolt, and sent small armies in 1775-76 to remove British power. Many habitants sympathized with the Americans and formed regiments that fought under [[George Washington]]. Others supported the British; most remained neutral.  The British repulsed the Americans, who retreated home.  Quebec then became a base for the invasion of New York that was decisively defeated with the surrender of the main British army at Saratoga in 1777.

The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref>See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in  [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres.  Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.

The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref>See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in  [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres.  Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.

In the 1940's, the Catholic-dominated provincial government went after a small growing religious sect, [[Jehovah's Witness]]ess for their political neutrality during [[World War II]]. Peaked in 1943, about thousands of members in Quebec were jailed, tried in court or placed into military internment camps. Jehovah's Witnesses were nearly banned in the province until a Canadian court hearing in 1944 declared it was a violation of religious freedom and civil rights, even though the sect doesn't hold their allegiance to political rulers during wartime. Within a decade (1954), the national concern of retaining a degree of separation of church and state from the Jehovah's Witnesses of Quebec case brought a formal end to Quebec's 350-year old religious laws, and soon, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state church of Quebec.

In the 1940s, the Catholic-dominated provincial government went after a small growing religious sect, [[Jehovah's Witness]]ess for their political neutrality during [[World War II]]. Peaked in 1943, about thousands of members in Quebec were jailed, tried in court or placed into military internment camps. Jehovah's Witnesses were nearly banned in the province until a Canadian court hearing in 1944 declared it was a violation of religious freedom and civil rights, even though the sect doesn't hold their allegiance to political rulers during wartime. Within a decade (1954), the national concern of retaining a degree of separation of church and state from the Jehovah's Witnesses of Quebec case brought a formal end to Quebec's 350-year old religious laws, and soon, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state church of Quebec.

===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===

===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===

The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960–66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966–68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. Other more militant or outspoken leaders like [[Rene Levisque]] came to the scene in the early 1970s, he later became the leader of the Bloc Quebecois founded in 1974.  

The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960–66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966–68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. Other more militant or outspoken leaders like [[Rene Levisque]] came to the scene in the early 1970s, he later became the leader of the Bloc Quebecois founded in 1974.  

Many French-Canadian leaders and Quebec separatists were war veterans and well-established civic leaders, despite they preached ethnic loyality as Francophones or Quebecois not Canadians, and their reaction of English being the "lingua franca" in the professions will destroy the Quebecois/French cultural integrity. Interestingly, many thousands of French-Canadian draft dodgers fled to the USA during World War II, whom felt the war was against Francophone interests, and brought an end to the country's military conscription in 1942. Quebec has a history of opposition and resistance to the national military draft in the Boer War of 1890's and the first World War in the 1910's.  

Many French-Canadian leaders and Quebec separatists were war veterans and well-established civic leaders, despite they preached ethnic loyalty as Francophones or Quebecois not Canadians, and their reaction of English being the "lingua franca" in the professions will destroy the Quebecois/French cultural integrity. Interestingly, many thousands of French-Canadian draft dodgers fled to the USA during World War II, whom felt the war was against Francophone interests, and brought an end to the country's military conscription in 1942. Quebec has a history of opposition and resistance to the national military draft in the Boer War of 1890's and the first World War in the 1910s.  

With an increased involvement of the Francophone majority's political affairs, the Canadian government nationalized hydroelectric utilities, created crown corporations whom were owned by Quebecois businessmen of French not British descent, and undertook to provide the educational, health care, and social services formerly under Church control. The provincial government began to make further demands as a "nation" not a province of being a culturally separate people, and that all of the provincial economy should be under the Francophone/Quebecois people's control. The Quiet Revolution has resulted in the ascendency of an enormous civil service in Quebec that is directed by a middle class [[technocracy]] allied with business interests to insure control of the state.  

With an increased involvement of the Francophone majority's political affairs, the Canadian government nationalized hydroelectric utilities, created crown corporations whom were owned by Quebecois businessmen of French not British descent, and undertook to provide the educational, health care, and social services formerly under Church control. The provincial government began to make further demands as a "nation" not a province of being a culturally separate people, and that all of the provincial economy should be under the Francophone/Quebecois people's control. The Quiet Revolution has resulted in the ascendency of an enormous civil service in Quebec that is directed by a middle class [[technocracy]] allied with business interests to insure control of the state.  

====Politics====

====Politics====

Quebec's proposed secession from Canada was successfully thwarted by anti-separatist Francophone politicans, such as prime minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] born and raised in Montreal in a family known to been part of the city's elite assumed to be Anglophone, but Trudeau is a French-Canadian and was raised to be bilingual. Attempts for Quebec to secede was blocked by Trudeau and the parliament during the 1970's when the separtists movement in Quebec was in its peak.  

Quebec's proposed secession from Canada was successfully thwarted by anti-separatist Francophone politicians, such as prime minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] born and raised in Montreal in a family known to been part of the city's elite assumed to be Anglophone, but Trudeau is a French-Canadian and was raised to be bilingual. Attempts for Quebec to secede was blocked by Trudeau and the parliament during the 1970s when the separtists movement in Quebec was in its peak.  

On May 20, 1980 a separatist government held a referendum on declaring independence from Canada.  This was defeated by a 60% to 40% vote. A second referendum was held on October 31, 1995 and saw the separatist side lose again, but by less than two percentage points (49% vs. 51%, a very close margin) identicated how far the Quebec separatist cause has nearly ended the 128-year old dominion of Canada.   

On May 20, 1980 a separatist government held a referendum on declaring independence from Canada.  This was defeated by a 60% to 40% vote. A second referendum was held on October 31, 1995 and saw the separatist side lose again, but by less than two percentage points (49% vs. 51%, a very close margin) identicated how far the Quebec separatist cause has nearly ended the 128-year old dominion of Canada.   

== Current situation ==

== Current situation ==

The Quebec secession issue and how the Canadian parliament made deals to keep Quebec intact with bribery and corruption, was part of the country's 2006 parliamentary crisis rocked Canada's core on being the most stable democracy in the world, leading the resignation of the entire parliament and several hundreds of politicial officals. The Parti Quebecois continued to speak of threats of secession with less public support in the last 5 years and declines well in the 2010's.  

The Quebec secession issue and how the Canadian parliament made deals to keep Quebec intact with bribery and corruption, was part of the country's 2006 parliamentary crisis rocked Canada's core on being the most stable democracy in the world, leading the resignation of the entire parliament and several hundreds of political officials. The Parti Quebecois continued to speak of threats of secession with less public support in the last 5 years and declines well in the 2010s.  

Most Quebecers and Francophones in Canada no longer support any idea of an independent Quebec from Canada, with the majority suggest special autonomous status similar to the establishment of the Inuit majority territory of [[Nunavut]] in 1999. The Canadian government promotes an idea of multiculturalism and preserved diversity known as the "cultural mosaic" of anyone can preserve their own cultural, ethnic and racial distinction. When applied, that means Francophones will remain a "separate but equal" as well a not-so-assimilated and perhaps back to being a marginalized minority within an Anglo/British descent-dominant society.  

Most Quebecers and Francophones in Canada no longer support any idea of an independent Quebec from Canada, with the majority suggest special autonomous status similar to the establishment of the Inuit majority territory of [[Nunavut]] in 1999. The Canadian government promotes an idea of multiculturalism and preserved diversity known as the "cultural mosaic" of anyone can preserve their own cultural, ethnic and racial distinction. When applied, that means Francophones will remain a "separate but equal" as well a not-so-assimilated and perhaps back to being a marginalized minority within an Anglo/British descent-dominant society.  

** Mann, Susan Mann. ''Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec'' (2nd ed, 2009)

** Mann, Susan Mann. ''Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec'' (2nd ed, 2009)

*  Wade, Mason. ''The French Canadians, 1760-1945'' (1955), standard history, 1136pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8474052 online edition]

*  Wade, Mason. ''The French Canadians, 1760-1945'' (1955), standard history, 1136pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8474052 online edition]

* Young, Brian and Dickinson, John A.  ''A Short History of Quebec: A Socio-Economic Perspective.'' (3rd ed. 2002. 238 pp.

* Young, Brian and Dickinson, John A.  ''A Short History of Quebec: A Socio-Economic Perspective.'' (3rd ed. 2002) 238 pp.

===Before 1867===

===Before 1867===