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HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://books.google.com → https://books.google.com (8), http://www.nytimes.com → https://www.nytimes.com (2), http://www.politico.com → https://www.politico.com
==Crisis of 2009==
==Crisis of 2009==
The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply. Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'', ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue. There was an abysmal sales price for [[Philadelphia]]'s two major newspapers: only $55 million total.<ref>http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2012/04/rendell-philly-inquirer-deal-announced-today-119359.html</ref> Apparently liberal claptrap is not worth much.
The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply. Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'', ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue. There was an abysmal sales price for [[Philadelphia]]'s two major newspapers: only $55 million total.<ref>https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2012/04/rendell-philly-inquirer-deal-announced-today-119359.html</ref> Apparently liberal claptrap is not worth much.
[[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|left]]
The Seattle ''Post-Intelligencer'' in March 2009 became the largest American paper to drop its print edition and become an Internet-only publication. It cut its news staff from 165 journalists to only 20. A part of the Hearst chain, the P-I had a print circulation of 118,000 a day but lost $14 million in 2008 and no one wanted to buy it. Seattle still has a daily print paper, the ''Seattle Times,'' but it too is in deep financial trouble.<ref>"Seattle Paper Shifts Entirely to the Web," [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/business/media/17paper.html?_r=1&hp ''New York Times Mar. 16, 2009]</ref>''USA Today'', which distributes half its papers through hotels and does not depend on advertising, is cutting back as circulation fell from 2.3 to 2.2 million copies a day.
The Seattle ''Post-Intelligencer'' in March 2009 became the largest American paper to drop its print edition and become an Internet-only publication. It cut its news staff from 165 journalists to only 20. A part of the Hearst chain, the P-I had a print circulation of 118,000 a day but lost $14 million in 2008 and no one wanted to buy it. Seattle still has a daily print paper, the ''Seattle Times,'' but it too is in deep financial trouble.<ref>"Seattle Paper Shifts Entirely to the Web," [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/business/media/17paper.html?_r=1&hp ''New York Times Mar. 16, 2009]</ref>''USA Today'', which distributes half its papers through hotels and does not depend on advertising, is cutting back as circulation fell from 2.3 to 2.2 million copies a day.
Papers that continue in operation have lost revenue and been forced to cut staff in all departments. The ''New York Times'' news department peaked at more than 1,330 employees in 2008; by late 2009 it was down to 1,250 and planning to cut more jobs; no other American newspaper has more than about 750.
Papers that continue in operation have lost revenue and been forced to cut staff in all departments. The ''New York Times'' news department peaked at more than 1,330 employees in 2008; by late 2009 it was down to 1,250 and planning to cut more jobs; no other American newspaper has more than about 750.
It downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandals, sex, weird events or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. Campbell (2001) defines Yellow Press newspapers as having daily multi-column front-page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), heavy reliance on unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotion.
It downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandals, sex, weird events or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. Campbell (2001) defines Yellow Press newspapers as having daily multi-column front-page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), heavy reliance on unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotion.
Mott defines Yellow Journalism in terms of five characteristics:<ref>Frank Luther Mott, ''American Journalism'' (1941) p. 539 [http://books.google.com/books?id=3lTybuXbGVsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mott+%22american+journalism%22&hl=en#PPA539,M1 online]</ref>
Mott defines Yellow Journalism in terms of five characteristics:<ref>Frank Luther Mott, ''American Journalism'' (1941) p. 539 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3lTybuXbGVsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mott+%22american+journalism%22&hl=en#PPA539,M1 online]</ref>
# scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news
# scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news
# lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings
# lavish use of pictures, or imaginary drawings
===Rapid decline in circulation===
===Rapid decline in circulation===
The circulation of the nation’s daily newspapers plunged during 2006, in one of the sharpest declines in recent history. The slide continues a decades-long trend and adds to the woes of a mature industry already struggling with layoffs and facing the potential sale of some of its flagships. In addition newsstand sales of magazines fell more than 4 percent, to about 48.7 million copies. Among domestic newsweeklies, Time magazine reported the biggest drop. Analysts pointed to the increased use of the Internet, noting that more people in 2006 read the ''New York Times'' online than on paper. Newspaper readership goes up with education, and education levels are rising. That favorable trend is offset by the choice of people in each age group to read fewer papers.
The circulation of the nation’s daily newspapers plunged during 2006, in one of the sharpest declines in recent history. The slide continues a decades-long trend and adds to the woes of a mature industry already struggling with layoffs and facing the potential sale of some of its flagships. In addition newsstand sales of magazines fell more than 4 percent, to about 48.7 million copies. Among domestic newsweeklies, Time magazine reported the biggest drop. Analysts pointed to the increased use of the Internet, noting that more people in 2006 read the ''New York Times'' online than on paper. Newspaper readership goes up with education, and education levels are rising. That favorable trend is offset by the choice of people in each age group to read fewer papers.
<ref>Katharine Q. Seelye, "Newspaper Circulation Falls Sharply", ''New York Times'' October 31, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/business/media/31paper.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin online] and Journalism.org ''The State of the News Media 2004'' (2005) online at [http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/narrative_newspapers_audience.asp?cat=3&media=2]</ref>
<ref>Katharine Q. Seelye, "Newspaper Circulation Falls Sharply", ''New York Times'' October 31, 2006. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/business/media/31paper.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin online] and Journalism.org ''The State of the News Media 2004'' (2005) online at [http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/narrative_newspapers_audience.asp?cat=3&media=2]</ref>
===Corporate turmoil===
===Corporate turmoil===
* McKerns, Joseph P., ed. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism.'' (1989)
* McKerns, Joseph P., ed. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism.'' (1989)
* Marzolf, Marion. ''Up From the Footnote: A History of Women Journalists.'' (1977)
* Marzolf, Marion. ''Up From the Footnote: A History of Women Journalists.'' (1977)
* Mott, Frank Luther. ''American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690-1940'' (1941). major reference source and interpretive history. [http://books.google.com/books?id=3TyVKPLyWOwC&dq=Mott,+Frank+Luther.+''American+Journalism:+A+History+of&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=j0Iahd_mg6&sig=0m59AhBEBwXN-N-kgqQ91TLtrgk&hl=en&ei=iu2uSY3rBpK2sAPjmMWXDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result part 2 online]
* Mott, Frank Luther. ''American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690-1940'' (1941). major reference source and interpretive history. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TyVKPLyWOwC&dq=Mott,+Frank+Luther.+''American+Journalism:+A+History+of&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=j0Iahd_mg6&sig=0m59AhBEBwXN-N-kgqQ91TLtrgk&hl=en&ei=iu2uSY3rBpK2sAPjmMWXDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result part 2 online]
* Nord, David Paul. ''Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers.'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Communities-Journalism-American-Newspapers-Communication/dp/0252074041/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243542871&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Nord, David Paul. ''Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers.'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Communities-Journalism-American-Newspapers-Communication/dp/0252074041/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243542871&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Schudson, Michael. ''Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.'' (1978). [http://www.amazon.com/Discovering-News-History-American-Newspapers/dp/0465016669/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243542871&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Schudson, Michael. ''Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.'' (1978). [http://www.amazon.com/Discovering-News-History-American-Newspapers/dp/0465016669/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243542871&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Starr, Paul. ''The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications'' (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0465081932/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Starr, Paul. ''The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications'' (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0465081932/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Streitmatter, Rodger. ''Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History'' (1997)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27157650 online edition]
* Streitmatter, Rodger. ''Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History'' (1997)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27157650 online edition]
* Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. '' Encyclopedia of American Journalism'' (2007) 636 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wo8IY5oMpX4C&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. '' Encyclopedia of American Journalism'' (2007) 636 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo8IY5oMpX4C&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
===1780s-1830s===
===1780s-1830s===
* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]
* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]
* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo
* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo
* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1922) [http://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:allan+inauthor:nevins&num=30&as_brr=1#PPA5,M1 online edition] ch 1-2
* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1922) [https://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:allan+inauthor:nevins&num=30&as_brr=1#PPA5,M1 online edition] ch 1-2
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. ''"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic'' (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. ''"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic'' (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." ''Early American Literature'' 2000 35(1): 51-86. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." ''Early American Literature'' 2000 35(1): 51-86. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco
* Martin Asa Earl. "Pioneer Anti-Slavery Press", ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 2 (1916), 509–528. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1886909 in JSTOR]
* Martin Asa Earl. "Pioneer Anti-Slavery Press", ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 2 (1916), 509–528. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1886909 in JSTOR]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=669321 George S. Merriam, ''Life and Times of Samuel Bowles'' V. 1 (1885)] ''Springfield [Mass.] Republican''
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=669321 George S. Merriam, ''Life and Times of Samuel Bowles'' V. 1 (1885)] ''Springfield [Mass.] Republican''
* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1925) [http://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Evening+intitle:Post+inauthor:nevins&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]
* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1925) [https://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Evening+intitle:Post+inauthor:nevins&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]
* Rafferty, Anne Marie. ''American Journalism 1690–1904'' (2004)
* Rafferty, Anne Marie. ''American Journalism 1690–1904'' (2004)
* Schiller, Dan. ''Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism'' (1981)
* Schiller, Dan. ''Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism'' (1981)
* Liebling, A. J. ''The Press'' (1961)
* Liebling, A. J. ''The Press'' (1961)
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100333675 McDougal, Dennis. ''Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty '' (2001)]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100333675 McDougal, Dennis. ''Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty '' (2001)]
* McPherson, James Brian. ''Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965-present'' (2006) [http://books.google.com/books?id=JwJq51sgRlUC&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* McPherson, James Brian. ''Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965-present'' (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JwJq51sgRlUC&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Merritt, Davis. ''Knightfall: Knight Ridder And How The Erosion Of Newspaper Journalism Is Putting Democracy At Risk'' (2005) [http://books.google.com/books?id=LMkNf1C_P1MC&pg=PA217&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Merritt, Davis. ''Knightfall: Knight Ridder And How The Erosion Of Newspaper Journalism Is Putting Democracy At Risk'' (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkNf1C_P1MC&pg=PA217&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Noble, James Kendrick. ''Paper Profits: A Financial History of the Daily Newspaper Industry, 1958-1998'' (2000)
* Noble, James Kendrick. ''Paper Profits: A Financial History of the Daily Newspaper Industry, 1958-1998'' (2000)
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9246370 John J. Scanlon, ''The Passing of the Springfield Republican'' (1950)] it folded after 1947 strike
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9246370 John J. Scanlon, ''The Passing of the Springfield Republican'' (1950)] it folded after 1947 strike
* Stacks, John F. ''Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism.'' (2003)
* Stacks, John F. ''Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism.'' (2003)
* Wolff, Michael. ''The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch'' (2008) 446 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=_j4e3bI2DpYC&dq=newspaper+intitle:murdoch&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1995&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
* Wolff, Michael. ''The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch'' (2008) 446 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=_j4e3bI2DpYC&dq=newspaper+intitle:murdoch&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1995&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
==References==
==References==