Changes

*And the identification of 19th Dynasty pharaoh [[Ramesses II]] as the either the pharaoh of the oppression, or as the pharaoh of [[the Exodus]].

*And the identification of 19th Dynasty pharaoh [[Ramesses II]] as the either the pharaoh of the oppression, or as the pharaoh of [[the Exodus]].

Of these, the one date beyond dispute is the 664 B.C. sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal.  As to the remainder, the identity of Shoshenq I as Shishak was based solely on a reading of the text of the Bubasite Portal at the Temple of Karnak near Thebes by [[Jean-François Champollion]] on his only trip to Egypt in the mid-1800s after he successfully deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphic language.  On the Portal is a list of cities Shoshenq I had conquered in his campaign, and the 29th city Champollion read it as ''y-w-d-h-m-r-k,'' surmising that it meant “Judah Kingdom” (Hebrew ''Yhuda Malkhut'': יְהוּדָה מַלְכוּת).  But it is not the word “Jerusalem,” which is not only not where it should be on the portal, it in fact it is not there at all. A highly important city such as Jerusalem, the capitol of a nation, should have merited mention in Shoshenq’s campaign.  Shishak, Rohl contends, should be identified with Ramesses II, making another pharaoh, Dudimose I, the pharaoh of the Exodus instead.   

Of these, the one date beyond dispute is the 664 B.C. sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal.  As to the remainder, the identity of Shoshenq I as Shishak was based solely on a reading of the text of the Bubasite Portal at the Temple of Karnak near Thebes by [[Jean-François Champollion]] on his only trip to Egypt in the mid-1800s after he successfully deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphic language.  On the Portal is a list of cities Shoshenq I had conquered in his campaign, and the 29th city Champollion read it as ''y-w-d-h-m-r-k,'' surmising that it meant “Judah Kingdom” (Hebrew ''Yhuda Malkhut'': יְהוּדָה מַלְכוּת).  But it is not the word “Jerusalem,” which is not only not where it should be on the portal, it in fact it is not there at all. A highly important city such as Jerusalem, the capitol of a nation, should have merited mention in Shoshenq's campaign.  Shishak, Rohl contends, should be identified with Ramesses II, making another pharaoh, Dudimose I, the pharaoh of the Exodus instead.   

Rohl also contends the Ebers [[Papyrus]] is mis-read, insisting that it be understood as evidence for a reformation of the Egyptian calendar.

Rohl also contends the Ebers [[Papyrus]] is mis-read, insisting that it be understood as evidence for a reformation of the Egyptian calendar.

*Rohl also argued that a nickname found for Ramesses II (and also used for Ramesses III), read as “se-se” from the hieroglyphic, may have been corrupted by the Hebrews with an added “K” sound at the end to signify contempt, becoming “se-sek.”  In Hebrew it would have been written as שישק  “sysq”, or “sha-shek”, which in Hebrew means "one who crushes".   

*Rohl also argued that a nickname found for Ramesses II (and also used for Ramesses III), read as “se-se” from the hieroglyphic, may have been corrupted by the Hebrews with an added “K” sound at the end to signify contempt, becoming “se-sek.”  In Hebrew it would have been written as שישק  “sysq”, or “sha-shek”, which in Hebrew means "one who crushes".   

The weakening of Israel and Judah at the time of Shishak’s invasion, assuming he was indeed Ramesses II, would fit well with the inscription on the Mereneptah Stele by that later pharaoh (and Ramesses’ successor), which stated “Israel is desolate; his seed is no more.”

The weakening of Israel and Judah at the time of Shishak's invasion, assuming he was indeed Ramesses II, would fit well with the inscription on the Mereneptah Stele by that later pharaoh (and Ramesses’ successor), which stated “Israel is desolate; his seed is no more.”

Archaeological problems resulted quickly when research was done in Shoshenq's time, known as the Third Intermediate Period, or TIP.  What was found strongly indicate that the entire length of the TIP was artificially lengthened by some 200 years as a result of the piecing together of the chronology in the conventional manner.  When corrected according to the New Chronology, several of the pharaohs were shown to have ruled at the same time.

Archaeological problems resulted quickly when research was done in Shoshenq's time, known as the Third Intermediate Period, or TIP.  What was found strongly indicate that the entire length of the TIP was artificially lengthened by some 200 years as a result of the piecing together of the chronology in the conventional manner.  When corrected according to the New Chronology, several of the pharaohs were shown to have ruled at the same time.

In the book of Genesis, Joseph, the son of Jacob, was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers.  In Egypt, he was known for winning his freedom by correctly pointing out the coming of seven years of plentiful crops, seven years of famine, and what should be done about it.  In the New Chronology, his life comes out of the shadows of myth into the 12th Dynasty reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III.   

In the book of Genesis, Joseph, the son of Jacob, was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers.  In Egypt, he was known for winning his freedom by correctly pointing out the coming of seven years of plentiful crops, seven years of famine, and what should be done about it.  In the New Chronology, his life comes out of the shadows of myth into the 12th Dynasty reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III.   

In the millennia before the construction of the Aswan High Dam, the annual flooding of the Nile River brought with it silt from the mountains of central Africa, to be deposited on either side of the Nile and in the Nile Delta region.  This silt fertilized the area, allowing for crops to be grown.  In ancient Egypt records were kept in various cities and temples recording the annual floods and the amount of crops harvested.  The evidence for seven years of plenty, followed by seven years of famine in this pharaoh’s reign was documented by Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius of Germany, who worked on the Nile at the Second Cataract where stood the ancient fortresses of Semma and Kumma.  There he found written records of the Nile floods during Amenemhat’s reign, where the average height recorded was some eleven to twelve meters above normal flood stage, which meant a good harvest.

In the millennia before the construction of the Aswan High Dam, the annual flooding of the Nile River brought with it silt from the mountains of central Africa, to be deposited on either side of the Nile and in the Nile Delta region.  This silt fertilized the area, allowing for crops to be grown.  In ancient Egypt records were kept in various cities and temples recording the annual floods and the amount of crops harvested.  The evidence for seven years of plenty, followed by seven years of famine in this pharaoh's reign was documented by Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius of Germany, who worked on the Nile at the Second Cataract where stood the ancient fortresses of Semma and Kumma.  There he found written records of the Nile floods during Amenemhat's reign, where the average height recorded was some eleven to twelve meters above normal flood stage, which meant a good harvest.

But by the twelfth year of his rule, however, the recorded floods were at 17 meters, increasing the silt amount; this resulted in a dramatic increase in the crop yield, which continued for over seven years.  This was followed by documentation recording the increase of flood waters to an average of twenty-one meters for another seven years, increasing the amount of water in the Delta, and preventing the planting of crops until the waters receded, which by the time that happened it would have been too late in the year to do so.  Since a very-low crop yield would have inevitably been followed by famine, the effects would have been devastating all over the Levant, as Nile Delta crops were exported to that location.

But by the twelfth year of his rule, however, the recorded floods were at 17 meters, increasing the silt amount; this resulted in a dramatic increase in the crop yield, which continued for over seven years.  This was followed by documentation recording the increase of flood waters to an average of twenty-one meters for another seven years, increasing the amount of water in the Delta, and preventing the planting of crops until the waters receded, which by the time that happened it would have been too late in the year to do so.  Since a very-low crop yield would have inevitably been followed by famine, the effects would have been devastating all over the Levant, as Nile Delta crops were exported to that location.

    

    

Prior to the famine, Amenemhat was a mediocre ruler, having to deal with a number of local chieftans who were in actual control of large parts of Egypt.  Many of the tombs which date in the period prior to Amenemhat show signs of the wealth used to construct them; one, that of Khnumhotep, has a painted scene showing a caravan from Midian, similar to the traders who had bought Joseph from his brothers in Genesis 37.  However, during Amenemhat’s reign, the elaborate tombs ceased to exist.  Genesis 47 records the wealthy being forced to sell their possessions, their land, even their lives to Pharaoh in exchange for grain to survive the famine, which made Amenemhat one of Egypt’s most powerful pharaohs.

Prior to the famine, Amenemhat was a mediocre ruler, having to deal with a number of local chieftans who were in actual control of large parts of Egypt.  Many of the tombs which date in the period prior to Amenemhat show signs of the wealth used to construct them; one, that of Khnumhotep, has a painted scene showing a caravan from Midian, similar to the traders who had bought Joseph from his brothers in Genesis 37.  However, during Amenemhat's reign, the elaborate tombs ceased to exist.  Genesis 47 records the wealthy being forced to sell their possessions, their land, even their lives to Pharaoh in exchange for grain to survive the famine, which made Amenemhat one of Egypt's most powerful pharaohs.

===Jacob and Joseph's homes===

===Jacob and Joseph's homes===

Also found was a structure of Syrian design which revealed numerous artifacts, again of Syrian design.  The modest proportions of the building suggest that someone of importance had once lived there.

Also found was a structure of Syrian design which revealed numerous artifacts, again of Syrian design.  The modest proportions of the building suggest that someone of importance had once lived there.

The remains of this building were found underneath the foundations of a much larger structure which was done in the Egyptian style, built for a very important man, along with the remains of a small, pyramidal tomb which was found to be completely empty, including the body, despite evidence of a robber’s opening.  The one remaining artifact found was the head and shoulders of a cult statue, apparently of the occupant of the tomb, in which the face had been hacked off and damage done to the top of the head in a fashion similar to someone trying to destroy it deliberately.  With the New Chronology in mind, the only candidates for the occupants of both houses are Jacob and Joseph, who’s cult statue was destroyed and house ruined by the Egyptians to vent their anger when the Hebrews departed Egypt and a life of bondage under Moses.

The remains of this building were found underneath the foundations of a much larger structure which was done in the Egyptian style, built for a very important man, along with the remains of a small, pyramidal tomb which was found to be completely empty, including the body, despite evidence of a robber's opening.  The one remaining artifact found was the head and shoulders of a cult statue, apparently of the occupant of the tomb, in which the face had been hacked off and damage done to the top of the head in a fashion similar to someone trying to destroy it deliberately.  With the New Chronology in mind, the only candidates for the occupants of both houses are Jacob and Joseph, who's cult statue was destroyed and house ruined by the Egyptians to vent their anger when the Hebrews departed Egypt and a life of bondage under Moses.

==Moses==

==Moses==

|-

|-

| [[Sedjefakare]]

| [[Sedjefakare]]

| Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele.  

| Became well known through the writings on many documents and stele.  

| c. 5 to 7 yrs.

| c. 5 to 7 yrs.

| 1573

| 1573

Dame Kathleen Kenyon of the London Institute of Archaeology excavated the city of Jericho, the first major conquest by Joshua, in the 1950s, finding a Middle Bronze Age ingeniously defended by means of a wall 12 feet thick on a slope which was plastered smooth, preventing the enemy from gaining a foothold should they get past a deep ditch which was just outside the walls.  The ditch itself was filled with bricks from the city walls, indicating the walls were pulled down.  However, she could not connect this evidence with Joshua, as she was using the conventional chronology.   

Dame Kathleen Kenyon of the London Institute of Archaeology excavated the city of Jericho, the first major conquest by Joshua, in the 1950s, finding a Middle Bronze Age ingeniously defended by means of a wall 12 feet thick on a slope which was plastered smooth, preventing the enemy from gaining a foothold should they get past a deep ditch which was just outside the walls.  The ditch itself was filled with bricks from the city walls, indicating the walls were pulled down.  However, she could not connect this evidence with Joshua, as she was using the conventional chronology.   

Placing it within the time frame of the New Chronology confirms Joshua’s actions.  The remains of the city wall’s bricks within the ditch would have allowed an army to penetrate rapidly into the city (Joshua 6).  Further evidence found were many large jars filled with carbonized grain as well as other supplies and good, indicating the city had fallen quickly.  These supplies were also burned; the evidence of fire destroying every part of Jericho is overwhelming, as is recorded in Joshua 6:24; in places the layer of ash was more than three feet thick.  The city was not resettled for well over 500 years, when in 850 B.C. King Ahab ordered a rebuilding to take place, which was confirmed in the archaeological record as taking place during the Late Bronze Age.

Placing it within the time frame of the New Chronology confirms Joshua's actions.  The remains of the city wall's bricks within the ditch would have allowed an army to penetrate rapidly into the city (Joshua 6).  Further evidence found were many large jars filled with carbonized grain as well as other supplies and good, indicating the city had fallen quickly.  These supplies were also burned; the evidence of fire destroying every part of Jericho is overwhelming, as is recorded in Joshua 6:24; in places the layer of ash was more than three feet thick.  The city was not resettled for well over 500 years, when in 850 B.C. King Ahab ordered a rebuilding to take place, which was confirmed in the archaeological record as taking place during the Late Bronze Age.

Other findings confirming Joshua’s actions included:

Other findings confirming Joshua's actions included:

*The cities of Bethel, Lachish, Hazor, Debir, Arad, and Hebron, written in the Biblical record as having been conquered by Joshua and put to the torch, were found with evidence of severe fire damage.

*The cities of Bethel, Lachish, Hazor, Debir, Arad, and Hebron, written in the Biblical record as having been conquered by Joshua and put to the torch, were found with evidence of severe fire damage.

*Joshua 15:14 and Judges 1:10 record mention of King Sheshai of Hebron, who was defeated by Joshua.  Numerous scarabs found in various sites in Palestine record this man.

*Joshua 15:14 and Judges 1:10 record mention of King Sheshai of Hebron, who was defeated by Joshua.  Numerous scarabs found in various sites in Palestine record this man.

In 1887, clay tablets were discovered by a fellaheen peasant woman at a site known as Tell el-Amarna in central Egypt.  The 380 tablets were letters written to Amenhotep IV from the foreign rulers of city-states, as well as correspondence from the more powerful kingdoms to the north and east, such as Assyria and Babylon.  The tablets were written in the cuneiform script of the Akkadian language.

In 1887, clay tablets were discovered by a fellaheen peasant woman at a site known as Tell el-Amarna in central Egypt.  The 380 tablets were letters written to Amenhotep IV from the foreign rulers of city-states, as well as correspondence from the more powerful kingdoms to the north and east, such as Assyria and Babylon.  The tablets were written in the cuneiform script of the Akkadian language.

The first name of interest to Biblical scholars in the Amarna Tablets is “Labayu”, the “Lion Man”, who held sway over central Palestine and was active in fighting against the Philistines.  A hypocoristic, and not a proper name, “Labayu” has been translated as “the Great Lion of N”, the “N” suggesting a god’s name.  Here in the Amarna Tablets, transposing them from the 13th century B.C. of the conventional chronology to the 10th century B.C. the career of Labayu is a match for the Biblical record of the first king of the Israelites, Saul.

The first name of interest to Biblical scholars in the Amarna Tablets is “Labayu”, the “Lion Man”, who held sway over central Palestine and was active in fighting against the Philistines.  A hypocoristic, and not a proper name, “Labayu” has been translated as “the Great Lion of N”, the “N” suggesting a god's name.  Here in the Amarna Tablets, transposing them from the 13th century B.C. of the conventional chronology to the 10th century B.C. the career of Labayu is a match for the Biblical record of the first king of the Israelites, Saul.

Labayu also warned Pharaoh to keep out of his internal affairs.  In letter EA 252 Labayu writes:

Labayu also warned Pharaoh to keep out of his internal affairs.  In letter EA 252 Labayu writes: