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[[File:Gomorrah1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ashen remains of Gomorrah, as seen from Masada]]
[[File:Gomorrah1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ashen remains of Gomorrah, as seen from Masada]]
'''Gomorrah''', ancient city located in the [[Middle East|Holy Land]], and one of the five "[[cities of the plain]]" that were destroyed by an act of [[God]] for their extreme wickedness, as recorded in the Book of [[Genesis]]. According to the [[Bible|biblical]] account, God rained fire and brimstone onto the city, killing all of the inhabitants.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/genesis/19-24.htm Genesis 19:24]</ref>
'''Gomorrah''', ancient city located in the [[Middle East|Holy Land]], and one of the five "cities of the plain" that were destroyed by an act of [[God]] for their extreme wickedness, as recorded in the Book of [[Genesis]]. According to the [[Bible|biblical]] account, God rained fire and brimstone onto the city, killing all of the inhabitants.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/genesis/19-24.htm Genesis 19:24]</ref>
==Biblical background==
==Biblical background==
==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The English name "Gomorrah" has its basis in the Hebrew word '''עמרה'''' "‛ămôrâh", which in turn is based on '''עמר''' "‛âmar", a primitive root word meaning "heap", which could be taken to mean either the ruined stated of the city, or the amount of goods or grain gathered together for sale or trade, such was the richness of the city when alive and inhabited. In a figurative sense, "‛âmar" meant also to chastise, as if inflicting blows against someone<ref>https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6014.htm</ref>. The Brown-Driver-Briggs definition carries it further, to manipulate or deal tyrannically, as one would treat a slave<ref>https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6014.htm</ref>.
The English name "Gomorrah" has its basis in the Hebrew word '''עמרה'''' "‛ămôrâh", which in turn is based on '''עמר''' "‛âmar", a primitive root word meaning "heap", which could be taken to mean either the ruined stated of the city, or the amount of goods or grain gathered together for sale or trade, such was the richness of the city when alive and inhabited. In a figurative sense, "‛âmar" meant also to chastise, as if inflicting blows against someone<ref>https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6014.htm</ref>. The Brown-Driver-Briggs definition carries it further, to manipulate or deal tyrannically, as one would treat a slave<ref>https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6014.htm</ref>.
==Ruins described==
[[File:Gomorrah2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Closeup of a section of the Gomorrah ruins; note the remains of windows at the top of the image.]]
Sodom and Gomorrah has been cited by modern scholars as being on the southern or southeastern side of the Dead Sea, in Jordan, as being either the remains of [[Tall el-Hammam]]<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/11/29/is-the-biblical-destruction-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-based-on-a-real-life-impact-event/#d56fa584c292</ref> or [[Bab edh-Dhra]]<ref>https://www.bibleplaces.com/babedhdhra/</ref>. Both cities did exist during the Bronze Age, 3200–1100 BC, with Bab edh-Dhra collapsing ''ca'' 2300 BC, approximately 200 years prior to the destruction of the cities of the plain as described in the Bible. It is largely unknown what caused their destruction and abandonment, with warfare, earthquakes, and a [[Köfels Impact Event|comet impact]] being cited as causes.
The Jewish historian [[Josephus]] stated that he saw the ruins of the site, describing the location and the condition of the ruins: ''"The country of Sodom borders upon it. It was of old a most happy land, both for the fruits it bore and the riches of its cities: although it be now all burnt up...the traces [or shadows] of the five cities are still to be seen...but if you pluck them with your hands, they dissolve into smoke, and ashes."''<ref>https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/war-4.html#S8.4</ref>. As this describes a site composed primarily of ash which crumbles in the hand, then Tall el-Hamman and Bab ed-Dhra both must be discounted.
The actual remains of Gomorrah are located on the western shore of the Dead Sea, close to the foot of [[Masada]]. The site itself is lightly-colored, as opposed to the immediately-surrounding area. Visually, the remaining structures consists of high walls - often double-walls in which the upper course was set back - and piles of ash debris sloping their sides into the wadis. Right angles appear, both horizontally and vertically, in many places, as well as the remains (or ''shadows", in keeping with Josephus' description) doorways, gateways, and windows.
The structures themselves are made up of calcium sulfate (CaSO<sub>4</sub>), a substance which is best known as the mineral gypsum. However, calcium sulfate can be made as a by-product when limestone is subject to intense heat caused by burning sulfur<ref>https://www.arkdiscovery.com/sodom_&_gomorrah.htm</ref>; indeed, many ancient cities within the Holy Land, including Jerusalem, were constructed with limestone, as it is abundant and easily quarried. Sulfur - the Biblical "brimstone" - is abundant here as well, found embedded in the walls and ground, often as little round balls, and more than 98% pure<ref>https://www.oxfordbiblechurch.co.uk/index.php/books/sodom-and-gomorrah/633-appendix-2-results-of-a-scientific-analysis-of-gomorrah</ref>.
== References ==
== References ==