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Line 6: + − ==Biochemistry and the genetics of Red Hair== − The lack of diversity of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) alleles in African population suggests that the gain-of-function MC1R variants have been selected for higher eumelanin production. In contrast, dysfunctional variants, found enriched in the population with European ancestry, impair its ability in elevating cAMP levels and tyrosinase expression in melanocytes. As a result, melanocytes carrying the dysfunctional variants produce more pheomelanin, leading to lighter skin and red hair color. The enrichment of these variants is evolutionarily selected in the population living at high-latitude regions to compensate for the reduced vitamin D synthesis due to low sunlight exposure. The red hair phenotype, accompanied by fair skin and freckles in pigmentation, is associated with pheomelanin production. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin. − The genetics of red hair appear to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is found on chromosome 16. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant. − Red hair is associated with fair skin color because low concentrations of eumelanin throughout the body of those with red hair caused by a MC1R mutation can cause both. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important Vitamin D can be produced under low light conditions. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions close to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a higher risk of skin cancer. The MC1R variant gene that gives people red hair generally results in skin that is difficult or impossible to tan. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, freckles are a common but not universal feature of red-haired people. − Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal recessive. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be carriers for the gene and have a redheaded child. − Genetic studies of dizygotic (fraternal) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the red hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R gene necessary, but not sufficient, for red hair production. − + Line 50:
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[[File:Woman redhead natural portrait 1.jpg|thumb|Woman with red hair]]
[[File:Woman with red hair-tribune.com.jpg|thumb|Woman with red hair]]
[[File:Red Haired Man.jpg|thumb|Man with red hair and beard]]
‘’’Red hair‘’ (or ‘’’ginger hair’’’) occurs naturally in two percent of the overall planet earth, human population, appearing in higher percentages (two to six percent) among people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other human populations. So for the most part, gingers are a rare breed, far outnumbered by the yellow and brown haired members of the human species.
‘’’Red hair‘’ (or ‘’’ginger hair’’’) occurs naturally in two percent of the overall planet earth, human population, appearing in higher percentages (two to six percent) among people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other human populations. So for the most part, gingers are a rare breed, far outnumbered by the yellow and brown haired members of the human species.
It is most common in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele on chromosome 16 that produces an altered version of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) protein. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) plays important roles in human basal pigmentation and UVR-induced tanning response. The human MC1R locus is highly polymorphic, which results in the diversity of skin pigmentation levels.
It is most common in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele on chromosome 16 that produces an altered version of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) protein. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) plays important roles in human basal pigmentation and UVR-induced tanning response. The human MC1R locus is highly polymorphic, which results in the diversity of skin pigmentation levels.
Cultural reactions to red hair have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in existence regarding redheads. The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510.
Cultural reactions to red hair have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in existence regarding redheads. The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510.
==Genetic Mutation==
==Genetic Mutation==
[[File:Crystal-Strawberry-blonde-lighter-red-hair-tribune-com.jpg|thumb|Woman with strawberry blond red hair and lighter eye color]]
Science is clear that being redheaded isn't the same as being a blonde or a brunette. That's because our ginger baes are different on a genetic level, which may be why it's so hard to fake, at least convincingly. In fact, gingers specifically have a mutation on their MC1R gene, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Science is clear that being redheaded isn't the same as being a blonde or a brunette. That's because our ginger baes are different on a genetic level, which may be why it's so hard to fake, at least convincingly. In fact, gingers specifically have a mutation on their MC1R gene, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Redheads really do have a special set of attributes that their blonde and brunette counterparts don't. The following are scientific facts that make their hair so crimson and their skin so pale.
Redheads really do have a special set of attributes that their blonde and brunette counterparts don't. The following are scientific facts that make their hair so crimson and their skin so pale.
The mutation on their MC1R gene increases the amount of the red pigment (phaeomelanin) that gingers have, and decreases the amount of the darker pigment (eumelanin) they produce. That's what causes redheads to have fairer skin, freckles, pale colored eyes and, of course, red hair. That's also why redheads have to be careful in the sun, as they're more sensitive to sunlight due to the lack of eumelanin.
The mutation on their MC1R gene increases the amount of the red pigment (phaeomelanin) that gingers have, and decreases the amount of the darker pigment (eumelanin) they produce. That's what causes redheads to have fairer skin, freckles, pale colored eyes and, of course, red hair. That's also why redheads have to be careful in the sun, as they're more sensitive to sunlight due to the lack of eumelanin.
== Auburn hair==
== Auburn hair==
[[File:Rachel-redhead.jpg|thumb|left|An [[American]] girl with Freckles, and a darker shade of red, known as [[auburn hair]]]]
[[File:Rachel-Auburn-Hair-tribune.com.jpg|thumb|left|An [[American]] girl with Freckles, and a darker shade of red, known as [[auburn hair]]]]
Auburn hair is commonly described as being a rich deep red shade or a reddish brown in color or dark ginger.
Auburn hair is commonly described as being a rich deep red shade or a reddish brown in color or dark ginger.
Auburn hair is a variety of red hair. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors, but as is the case with most red hair, it is commonly associated with light skin features. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the people of Northwestern European descent and by a mutated TYRP1 gene in the Austronesians, both genes that reduce the melanin production of the hair cells.
Auburn hair is a variety of red hair. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors, but as is the case with most red hair, it is commonly associated with light skin features. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the people of Northwestern European descent and by a mutated TYRP1 gene in the Austronesians, both genes that reduce the melanin production of the hair cells.
In Asia, red hair has been found among the ancient [[Tocharian|Tocharians]], who occupied the Tarim Basin in what is now the northwesternmost province of [[China]]. [[Caucasian]] Tarim mummies have been found with red hair dating to the 2nd millennium BC.
In Asia, red hair has been found among the ancient [[Tocharian|Tocharians]], who occupied the Tarim Basin in what is now the northwesternmost province of [[China]]. [[Caucasian]] Tarim mummies have been found with red hair dating to the 2nd millennium BC.
Reddish-brown (auburn) hair is also found amongst some [[Polynesia|Polynesians]], and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian culture reddish hair has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from high-ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.
Reddish-brown (auburn) hair is also found amongst some [[Polynesia|Polynesians]], and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian culture reddish hair has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from high-ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.
== Biochemistry and genetics ==
The pigment [[pheomelanin]] gives red hair its distinctive color. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin.
==Biochemistry and the genetics of Red Hair==
The [[genetics]] of red hair appear to be associated with the [[melanocortin-1 receptor]] (MC1R), which is found on [[chromosome 16]]. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant. Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans.
The lack of diversity of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) alleles in African population suggests that the gain-of-function MC1R variants have been selected for higher eumelanin production. In contrast, dysfunctional variants, found enriched in the population with European ancestry, impair its ability in elevating cAMP levels and tyrosinase expression in melanocytes. As a result, melanocytes carrying the dysfunctional variants produce more pheomelanin, leading to lighter skin and red hair color. The enrichment of these variants is evolutionarily selected in the population living at high-latitude regions to compensate for the reduced vitamin D synthesis due to low sunlight exposure. The red hair phenotype, accompanied by fair skin and freckles in pigmentation, is associated with pheomelanin production. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin.
Red hair is associated with fair skin color because low concentrations of eumelanin throughout the body of those with red hair caused by a MC1R mutation can cause both. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important [[Vitamin D]] can be produced under low light conditions. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions close to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a higher risk of skin cancer. The MC1R variant gene that gives people red hair generally results in skin that is difficult or impossible to [[Sun tanning|tan]]. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, [[freckle]]s are a common but not universal feature of red-haired people.
The genetics of red hair appear to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is found on chromosome 16. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant.
Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal [[recessive gene|recessive]]. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be [[Genetic carrier|carrier]]s for the gene and have a redheaded child.
Red hair is associated with fair skin color because low concentrations of eumelanin throughout the body of those with red hair caused by a MC1R mutation can cause both. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important Vitamin D can be produced under low light conditions. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions close to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a higher risk of skin cancer. The MC1R variant gene that gives people red hair generally results in skin that is difficult or impossible to tan. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, freckles are a common but not universal feature of red-haired people.
Genetic studies of [[dizygotic]] (fraternal) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the red hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R gene necessary, but not sufficient, for red hair production.
Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal recessive. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be carriers for the gene and have a redheaded child.
Genetic studies of dizygotic (fraternal) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the red hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R gene necessary, but not sufficient, for red hair production.
The pigment pheomelanin gives red hair its distinctive color. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin.
The [[genetics]] of red hair appear to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is found on chromosome 16. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant. Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans.
Red hair is associated with fair skin color because low concentrations of eumelanin throughout the body of those with red hair caused by a MC1R mutation can cause both. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important Vitamin D can be produced under low light conditions. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions close to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a higher risk of skin cancer. The MC1R variant gene that gives people red hair generally results in skin that is difficult or impossible to sun tan. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, freckles are a common but not universal feature of red-haired people.
Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal [[recessive gene|recessive]]. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be Genetic carriers for the gene and have a redheaded child.
Genetic studies of dizygotic (fraternal) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the red hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R gene necessary, but not sufficient, for red hair production.
=== Genetics ===
=== Genetics ===
[[File: 1704px-Redhead_close_up_By Sunny Ripert - Flickr .jpg|thumb| A close-up view of red hair]]
[[File: Redhead_close_up.jpg|thumb| A close-up view of red hair]]
The alleles Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Asp294His, and Arg142His on MC1R are shown to be recessive genes for the red hair phenotype.
The alleles Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Asp294His, and Arg142His on MC1R are shown to be recessive genes for the red hair phenotype.
The gene ''HCL2'' (also called ''RHC'' or ''RHA'') on chromosome 4 may also be related to red hair. There are 8 genetic differences associated with red hair color.
The gene ''HCL2'' (also called ''RHC'' or ''RHA'') on chromosome 4 may also be related to red hair. There are 8 genetic differences associated with red hair color.
Another belief is that redheads are highly sexed; for example, [[Jonathan Swift]] satirizes redhead stereotypes in part four of ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', "A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms," when he writes that: "It is observed that the red-haired of both sexes are more libidinous and mischievous than the rest, whom yet they much exceed in strength and activity." Swift goes on to write that "neither was the hair of this brute [a Yahoo] of a red color (which might have been some excuse for an appetite a little irregular) but black as a sloe". Such beliefs were given a veneer of scientific credibility in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero. They concluded that red hair was associated with crimes of lust, and claimed that forty eight percent of "criminal women" were redheads.
Another belief is that redheads are highly sexed; for example, [[Jonathan Swift]] satirizes redhead stereotypes in part four of ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', "A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms," when he writes that: "It is observed that the red-haired of both sexes are more libidinous and mischievous than the rest, whom yet they much exceed in strength and activity." Swift goes on to write that "neither was the hair of this brute [a Yahoo] of a red color (which might have been some excuse for an appetite a little irregular) but black as a sloe". Such beliefs were given a veneer of scientific credibility in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero. They concluded that red hair was associated with crimes of lust, and claimed that forty eight percent of "criminal women" were redheads.
=== Media, fashion and art ===
=== Media, fashion and art ===
[[File: Ariel Red Hair by Jirka Vinse Jonathan Väätäinen-Redhead Mermaid.png|thumb| The cultural icon teenage mermaid Ariel with Red Hair by Jirka Vinse Jonathan Väätäinen]]
[[File: Ariel by Jirkavinse.jpg|thumb| The cultural icon Ariel, a teenage mermaid with red hair, seen in this modern 21st century new art by Jirka Vinse Jonathan Väätäinen]]
[[Queen Elizabeth I of England]] was a redhead, and during the Elizabethan era in England, red hair was fashionable for women. In modern times, red hair is subject to fashion trends; celebrities such as Nicole Kidman, Alyson Hannigan, Marcia Cross, Christina Hendricks, Emma Stone and Lena Katina can boost sales of red hair dye.
[[Queen Elizabeth I]] of England was a redhead, and during the Elizabethan era in England, red hair was fashionable for women. In modern times, red hair is subject to fashion trends; celebrities such as Nicole Kidman, Alyson Hannigan, Karen Gillian, Christina Hendricks, Emma Stone, Molly Ringwald, Ellie Kemper, [[Lauren Ambrose]] and Lena Katina can boost sales of red hair dye.
Sometimes, red hair darkens as people get older, becoming a more brownish color or losing some of its vividness. This leads some to associate red hair with youthfulness, a quality that is generally considered desirable. In several countries such as [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], [[henna]] and [[saffron]] are used on hair to give it a bright red appearance.
Sometimes, red hair darkens as people get older, becoming a more brownish color or losing some of its vividness. This leads some to associate red hair with youthfulness, a quality that is generally considered desirable. In several countries such as [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], [[henna]] and [[saffron]] are used on hair to give it a bright red appearance.
Many painters have exhibited a fascination with red hair. The hair color "Titian" takes its name from the artist [[Titian]], who often painted women with red hair. Early Renaissance artist [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s famous painting ''The Birth of Venus” depicts the mythological goddess [[Venus (god)|Venus]] as a redhead. Other painters notable for their redheads include the [[Pre-Raphaelites]], Edmund Leighton, [[Amedeo Modigliani]], and [[Gustav Klimt]].
Many painters have exhibited a fascination with red hair. The hair color "Titian" takes its name from the artist [[Titian]], who often painted women with red hair. Early Renaissance artist [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s famous painting ''The Birth of Venus” depicts the mythological goddess [[Venus (god)|Venus]] as a redhead. Other painters notable for their redheads include the [[Pre-Raphaelites]], Edmund Leighton, [[Amedeo Modigliani]], and [[Gustav Klimt]].
[[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] story "The Red-Headed League" (1891) involves a man who is asked to become a member of a mysterious group of red-headed people. The 1943 film ''DuBarry Was a Lady'' featured red-heads [[Lucille Ball]] and [[Red Skelton]] in [[Technicolor]].
[[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] story "The Red-Headed League" (1891) involves a man who is asked to become a member of a mysterious group of red-headed people. The 1943 film ''DuBarry Was a Lady'' featured red-heads [[Lucille Ball]] and [[Red Skelton]] in [[Technicolor]].
Red hair is a handy way to make characters stand out. Many Disney heroes and heroines begin their stories feeling like they don’t fit in, until they discover their true selves. Red heads in films or on TV are often portrayed as villains or with negative traits like fiery, unpredictable tempers, but not in [[Disney]] films or TV. Disney’s love affair with ginger is evident.
Red hair is a handy way to make characters stand out. Many Disney heroes and heroines begin their stories feeling like they don’t fit in, until they discover their true selves. Red heads in films or on TV are often portrayed as villains or with negative traits like fiery, unpredictable tempers, but not in [[Disney]] films or TV. Disney’s love affair with ginger is evident.
Notable fictional characters with red hair includes: Ariel, Jessica Rabbit, Leeloo, [[Gates McFadden|Beverly Crusher]], Angela Chase, Amy Pond, Pippi Longstocking, Daphne Blake, Dana Scully, Mary Jane Watson, Ginny Weasley, Gaila, Merida, Peter Pan, Jessie, Hercules, Eliza Thornberry, Tintin, Red Sonja, [[Erin Morris|Erin O'Byrne]], Mystique, Anna of Arendelle, Scarlett (Shana M. O'Hara), and Poison Ivy (character).
Notable fictional characters with red hair includes: Ariel, Jessica Rabbit, Leeloo, [[Gates McFadden|Beverly Crusher]], Angela Chase, Amy Pond, Pippi Longstocking, Daphne Blake, Dana Scully, Mary Jane Watson, Ginny Weasley, Gaila, Merida, Peter Pan, Jessie, Hercules, Eliza Thornberry, Tintin, Red Sonja, [[Erin Morris|Erin O'Byrne]], Mystique, Anna of Arendelle, Scarlett (Shana M. O'Hara), Claire Fisher, Claire Standish, Kimmy Schmidt, and Poison Ivy (character).
=== Prejudice and discrimination against redheads ===
=== Prejudice and discrimination against redheads ===
=== Religious and mythological traditions ===
=== Religious and mythological traditions ===
[[File:Mariya Magdalena.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Magdalene]] is commonly portrayed with long red hair, as in [[Mary Magdalene (Sandys)|this 1859 painting]] by [[Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys]]]]
[[File:Mariya_Magdalena-tribune.com.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Magdalene]] is commonly portrayed with long red hair, as in [[Mary Magdalene (Sandys)|this 1859 painting]] by [[Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys]]]]
In ancient Egypt red hair was associated with the deity Set and [[Ramesses II]] had it.
In ancient Egypt red hair was associated with the deity Set and [[Ramesses II]] had it.
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Achilles]]' hair is described as usually translated as blonde, or golden but sometimes as red or tawny. His son [[Neoptolemus]] also bears the name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Achilles]]' hair is described as usually translated as blonde, or golden but sometimes as red or tawny. His son Neoptolemus also bears the name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.
The Norse god [[Thor]] is usually described as having red hair.
The Norse god [[Thor]] is usually described as having red hair.
The Hebrew word usually translated "ruddy" or "reddish-brown" was used to describe both [[Esau]] and [[David]].
The Hebrew word usually translated "ruddy" or "reddish-brown" was used to describe both [[Esau]] and [[David]].
Early artistic representations of [[Mary Magdalene]] usually depict her as having long flowing red hair, although a description of her hair color was never mentioned in the Bible, and it is possible the color is an effect caused by pigment degradation in the ancient paint.
Early artistic representations of [[Mary Magdalene]] usually depict her as having long flowing red hair, although a description of her hair color was never mentioned in the Bible, and it is possible the color is an effect caused by pigment degradation in the ancient paint.
[[Judas Iscariot]] is also represented with red hair in [[Spanish culture]] and in the works of William Shakespeare, reinforcing the negative stereotype.
[[Judas Iscariot]] is also represented with red hair in Spanish culture and in the works of William Shakespeare, reinforcing the negative stereotype.
Some Christians, especially in Spanish speaking countries, regard redheads as the devil in the flesh.
Some Christians, especially in Spanish speaking countries, regard redheads as the devil in the flesh.
Christianity and popular perception has a big part to play in this and where the beginnings of the idea came from.
Christianity and popular perception has a big part to play in this and where the beginnings of the idea came from.
*[https://gingerparrot.co.uk/why-can-some-redheads-tan-while-others-cant/ gingerparrot.co.uk]
*[https://gingerparrot.co.uk/why-can-some-redheads-tan-while-others-cant/ gingerparrot.co.uk]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/melanocortin-1-receptor sciencedirect.com]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/melanocortin-1-receptor sciencedirect.com]
*[https://www.thelist.com/129859/the-truth-about-redheads/]
*[https://www.thelist.com/129859/the-truth-about-redheads/ redhead the list]
*[http://jirkavinse.com/img/disney/arielgif.gif]
*[http://jirkavinse.com/img/disney/arielgif.gif Ariel artwork in culture]
*[http://jirkavinse.com/ jirkavinse.com/]
*[http://jirkavinse.com/ Jirka Vinse website]
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/history/comments/4fr27e/new_zealands_redhaired_gaints/ reddit.com]
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/history/comments/4fr27e/new_zealands_redhaired_gaints/ reddit.com]
*[https://owlcation.com/humanities/Redheads-Myths--Legends--and-Famous-Red-Hair owlcation.com]
*[https://owlcation.com/humanities/Redheads-Myths--Legends--and-Famous-Red-Hair owlcation.com]
*[https://gingerparrot.co.uk/the-many-redheads-of-disney/]
*[https://gingerparrot.co.uk/the-many-redheads-of-disney/ Ginger Parrot - The many redheads of Disney]
*[https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/proopiomelanocortin-deficiency]
*[https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/proopiomelanocortin-deficiency condition in red hair]
==See also==
==See also==
*[[skin color]]
*[[skin color]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]