Changes

===The Omega Point and the quantum gravity Theory of Everything===

===The Omega Point and the quantum gravity Theory of Everything===

In his 2005 paper<ref name="Tipler2005"/> in the journal ''Reports on Progress in Physics'', Tipler maintains that the correct [[quantum gravity]] theory has existed since 1962, first discovered by [[Richard Feynman]] in that year,<ref>[[Richard Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]], notes taken by Fernando B. Morinigo and William G. Wagner, edited by Brian Hatfield, [http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/pubs/preskill-1995-feynman.pdf "Foreword"] by John Preskill and Kip S. Thorne, ''Feynman Lectures on Gravitation'' (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), ISBN 0201627345, {{lccn|95011076}}, {{bibcode|1995flg..book.....F}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5oCYlZR63 "Foreword" mirror link]; also available [http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/feyn_fore2.ps here].</ref> and independently discovered by Steven Weinberg and Bryce DeWitt, among others. But, according to Tipler, because these physicists were looking for equations with a finite number of terms (i.e., [[differential equation]]s with [[derivative]]s no higher than second order), they abandoned this qualitatively unique quantum gravity theory since in order for it to be consistent it requires an arbitrarily higher number of terms.<ref name="Tipler2007b3">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}, pp. 34-35. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref> "They also did not realize that the correct quantum gravity theory is consistent only if a certain set of boundary conditions are imposed ...", writes Tipler (which includes the initial [[Big Bang]], and the final Omega Point, cosmological singularities).<ref name="Tipler2005"/> Tipler says that the equations for this theory of quantum gravity are term-by-term finite, but the same mechanism that forces each term in the series to be finite also forces the entire series to be infinite (i.e., infinities that would otherwise occur in [[spacetime]], consequently destabilizing it, are transferred to the cosmological singularities, thereby preventing the universe from immediately collapsing into nonexistence<ref name="BarrowTipler1988">On this matter, in addition to Tipler's 2005 ''Reports on Progress in Physics'' paper and his 2007 book, see John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v331/n6151/abs/331031a0.html "Action principles in nature"], ''Nature'', Vol. 331, No. 6151 (January 7, 1988), pp. 31-34, {{doi|10.1038/331031a0}}, {{bibcode|1988Natur.331...31B}}. Also released as [http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/pdf/awarded/1987/barrow_tipler.pdf "The Finite Action Principle; or, Singularities without Singularities"] in the Gravity Research Foundation's 1987 essay competition. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbVj45bt Mirror link].</ref>). Tipler writes that "It is a fundamental mathematical fact that this [infinite series] is the best that we can do. ... This is somewhat analogous to Liouville's theorem in [[complex analysis]], which says that all analytic functions other than constants have singularities either a finite distance from the origin of coordinates or at infinity."<ref name="Tipler2007b4">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}, pp. 49 and 279. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref>

In his 2005 paper<ref name="Tipler2005"/> in the journal ''Reports on Progress in Physics'', Tipler maintains that the correct [[quantum gravity]] theory has existed since 1962, first discovered by [[Richard Feynman]] in that year,<ref>[[Richard Feynman|Richard P. Feynman]], notes taken by Fernando B. Morinigo and William G. Wagner, edited by Brian Hatfield, [http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/pubs/preskill-1995-feynman.pdf "Foreword"] by John Preskill and Kip S. Thorne, ''Feynman Lectures on Gravitation'' (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), ISBN 0201627345, {{lccn|95011076}}, {{bibcode|1995flg..book.....F}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5oCYlZR63 "Foreword" mirror link]; also available [http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/feyn_fore2.ps here].</ref> and independently discovered by Steven Weinberg and Bryce DeWitt, among others. But, according to Tipler, because these physicists were looking for equations with a finite number of terms (i.e., [[differential equation]]s with [[Derivative_(calculus)|derivatives]] no higher than second order), they abandoned this qualitatively unique quantum gravity theory since in order for it to be consistent it requires an arbitrarily higher number of terms.<ref name="Tipler2007b3">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}, pp. 34-35. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref> "They also did not realize that the correct quantum gravity theory is consistent only if a certain set of boundary conditions are imposed ...", writes Tipler (which includes the initial [[Big Bang]], and the final Omega Point, cosmological singularities).<ref name="Tipler2005"/> Tipler says that the equations for this theory of quantum gravity are term-by-term finite, but the same mechanism that forces each term in the series to be finite also forces the entire series to be infinite (i.e., infinities that would otherwise occur in [[spacetime]], consequently destabilizing it, are transferred to the cosmological singularities, thereby preventing the universe from immediately collapsing into nonexistence<ref name="BarrowTipler1988">On this matter, in addition to Tipler's 2005 ''Reports on Progress in Physics'' paper and his 2007 book, see John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v331/n6151/abs/331031a0.html "Action principles in nature"], ''Nature'', Vol. 331, No. 6151 (January 7, 1988), pp. 31-34, {{doi|10.1038/331031a0}}, {{bibcode|1988Natur.331...31B}}. Also released as [http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/pdf/awarded/1987/barrow_tipler.pdf "The Finite Action Principle; or, Singularities without Singularities"] in the Gravity Research Foundation's 1987 essay competition. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbVj45bt Mirror link].</ref>). Tipler writes that "It is a fundamental mathematical fact that this [infinite series] is the best that we can do. ... This is somewhat analogous to Liouville's theorem in [[complex analysis]], which says that all analytic functions other than constants have singularities either a finite distance from the origin of coordinates or at infinity."<ref name="Tipler2007b4">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}, pp. 49 and 279. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref>

From the aforesaid ''Reports on Progress in Physics'' paper,<ref name="Tipler2005"/> Tipler elaborates on the mathematics and physics of this issue, in part explained below:

From the aforesaid ''Reports on Progress in Physics'' paper,<ref name="Tipler2005"/> Tipler elaborates on the mathematics and physics of this issue, in part explained below: