Changes

:{{See also|Plessy v. Ferguson}}

:{{See also|Plessy v. Ferguson}}

[[Melville Fuller]] was appointed Chief Justice by Democrt President [[Grover Cleveland]] in 1888. Fuller managed Democrat [[Stephen A. Douglas]]'s campaign in the [[1860 presidential election]] against [[Republican]] [[Abraham Lincoln]].  In 1896, a Fuller Court decision declared that racial segregation does not violate the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[14th Amendment]] so long as the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine is followed. The decision allowed the continued existence of Jim Crow laws for another six decades.

[[Melville Fuller]] was appointed Chief Justice by Democrt President [[Grover Cleveland]] in 1888. Fuller managed Democrat [[Stephen A. Douglas]]'s campaign in the [[1860 presidential election]] against [[Republican]] [[Abraham Lincoln]].  In 1896, a Fuller Court decision declared that racial segregation does not violate the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[14th Amendment]] so long as the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine is followed. The decision allowed the continued existence of Jim Crow laws for another six decades.

 

Taking advantage of a deep split in the GOP, the Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected only the second Dem,ocrat since theior defea in the Civil War, the Northern segregationist [[Woodrow Wilson]] as president in 1912 and 1916. In his first year in office, Wilson permitted his Treasury and the Post Office to begin efforts to [[segregate]] the federal workforce, particularly in the Columbia District. It was often carried out surreptitiously. Yet Wilson condoned it and tried to duck its implications in a manner we would describe today as slimy.  Wilson ordered [[Jim Crow]] segregation in all federal government facilities in Washington DC, wiping out 50 years of social progress that African-Americans made under Republicans. No longer could blacks and whites work together in government offices, eat in the same cafeterias, our use the same bathrooms. The Wilson administration went a step further. Through the Treasury Department's Office of the Architect, the bureau charged with construction and maintenance of federal buildings, federal buildings throughout the nation were ordered to furnish segregated bathrooms, even in Northern states were practices as such were virtually unknown.<ref>''American Nightmare: The History of Jim Crow'', Jerrold M. Packard, St. Martin's Press, 2003, pp. 124-125</ref>

Taking advantage of a deep split in the GOP, the Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected only the second Dem,ocrat since theior defea in the Civil War, the Northern segregationist [[Woodrow Wilson]] as president in 1912 and 1916. In his first year in office, Wilson permitted his Treasury and the Post Office to begin efforts to [[segregate]] the federal workforce, particularly in the Columbia District. It was often carried out surreptitiously. Yet Wilson condoned it and tried to duck its implications in a manner we would describe today as slimy.  Wilson ordered [[Jim Crow]] segregation in all federal government facilities in Washington DC, wiping out 50 years of social progress that African-Americans made under Republicans. No longer could blacks and whites work together in government offices, eat in the same cafeterias, our use the same bathrooms. The Wilson administration went a step further. Through the Treasury Department's Office of the Architect, the bureau charged with construction and maintenance of federal buildings, federal buildings throughout the nation were ordered to furnish segregated bathrooms, even in Northern states were practices as such were virtually unknown.<ref>''American Nightmare: The History of Jim Crow'', Jerrold M. Packard, St. Martin's Press, 2003, pp. 124-125</ref>

Biden resurrected the idea that segregation was "for their own good" and that Blacks were grateful for it.

Biden resurrected the idea that segregation was "for their own good" and that Blacks were grateful for it.

{{Quotebox-float|“I think the concept of busing … that we are going to [[integrate]] people so that they all have the same access and they learn to grow up with one another and all the rest, is a rejection of the whole movement of black pride, a rejection of the entire black awareness concept, where black is beautiful, black culture should be studied; and the cultural awareness of the importance of their own identity, their own individuality.”<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/read-the-transcript-of-the-october-1975-npr-interview-with-sens-joe-biden-and-edward-brooke</ref>}}

{{Quotebox-float|“I think the concept of busing … that we are going to [[integrate]] people so that they all have the same access and they learn to grow up with one another and all the rest, is a rejection of the whole movement of black pride, a rejection of the entire black awareness concept, where black is beautiful, black culture should be studied; and the cultural awareness of the importance of their own identity, their own individuality.”<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/read-the-transcript-of-the-october-1975-npr-interview-with-sens-joe-biden-and-edward-brooke</ref>}}

==Urban America==

==Urban America==

[[File:Baltimore rat infestations.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Baltimore rat infestations. ''Source: Baltimore Sun.'' Experts rank Baltimore "the fourth most corrupt city in the nation."<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/culture/15-most-corrupt-cities-in-america-for-2018.html/</ref> Baltimore's last Republican mayor was elected in 1967, followed by [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro who erected [[Confederate]] monuments.<ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/readers-respond/bs-ed-rr-confederate-baltimore-20170822-story.html</ref>]]

[[File:Baltimore rat infestations.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|Baltimore rat infestations. ''Source: Baltimore Sun.'' Experts rank Baltimore "the fourth most corrupt city in the nation."<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/culture/15-most-corrupt-cities-in-america-for-2018.html/</ref> Baltimore's last Republican mayor was elected in 1967, followed by [[Speaker Nancy Pelosi]]'s father, Thomas D'Alesandro who erected [[Confederate]] monuments.<ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/readers-respond/bs-ed-rr-confederate-baltimore-20170822-story.html</ref>]]