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Operations - Highlights
General [[Rommel]] was stopped at Second Battle of El Alamein (Oct 23, 1942 – Nov 11, 1942).
General [[Rommel]] was stopped at Second Battle of El Alamein (Oct 23, 1942 – Nov 11, 1942).
===Operations - Highlights===
<u>Iraq</u>:
1941 - '''Anglo-Iraqi War''' and ''Farhud''
The military coup in Iraq in April 1941 was an attempt by Arab nationalist officers of the "Golden Square" and politicians around Rashid Ali al-Gailani to overthrow the government of the Kingdom of Iraq and the underage King Faisal II and to end British influence. After the putschists seized power, fighting broke out with British troops at the end of April. During the course of May, the British troops succeeded in defeating the Iraqi army and ending the coup.
Before the coup:
When Italy entered the war the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany.
The Italian Legation in Baghdad became the centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the British appointee as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who had fled from the British Mandate of Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany would recognise the independence of Iraq from the British Empire. There had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British.
After the coup:
After the capture of Baghdad, the ''Farhud'', brutal anti-Jewish pogroms took place in the poorly secured outskirts on June 1 and 2 -- led by al-Muthanna's hitler-youth type ''Futuwwa'' assisted by some police -- during which more than a hundred people died and a much larger number were injured. As a result of the violence, most Iraqi Jews emigrated in the following years, thus marking the end of the Jewish community in the country.
<u>Syria–Lebanon</u>:
'''Operation Exporter''':
Syria–Lebanon campaign
Jun 8, 1941 – Jul 14, 1941
The Syrian-Lebanese campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was an offensive against Vichy French-controlled territory of Syria and Lebanon during World War II, carried out by British forces and the Forces for a Free France (Forces fr. libres) (FFL).
In Operation Exporter, Australian, Free French, British and Indian units invaded Syria and Lebanon from Palestine in the south on 8 June 1941. Strong resistance was met from the Vichy French but superior Allied infantry equipment and numbers overwhelmed the defenders. Further attacks were launched at the end of June and early July from Iraq into northern and central Syria, by Iraqforce. By 8 July, north-east Syria had been captured and elements of Iraqforce had advanced up the river Euphrates towards Aleppo, the rear of the Vichy forces defending Beirut from the advance from the south. Negotiations for an armistice began on 11 July and surrender terms signed on 14 July.
<u>Iran</u>:
'''Operation Countenance'''<ref>[https://codenames.info/operation/countenance/ Operation Countenance] Codenames</ref>
The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran:
Aug 25, 1941 – Sep 17, 1941
The British-Soviet invasion of Iran took place during the Second World War when the forces of the British Army and the forces of the Red Army of the Soviet Union invaded the territory of Iran in order to prevent it from standing in the war alongside the Axis countries.
<u>Mandatory Palestine</u>
'''Operation Atlas'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014004611/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/4-july-2001-releases-kurt-wieland.html 4 July 2001 Release: Kurt Wieland]. MI5</ref><ref>[https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/nazi-paratroopers Operation Atlas Casts Light on Nazi Attempts to Squelch the Jewish State]. Marc Goldberg, ''Tablet Magazine'', April 15, 2021.<bloockquote><small>
The untold story of how a team of Nazi commandos teamed up with Palestinian Arab leader Haj Amin al-Husseini to kill Jews.</small><blockquote></ref>]</ref>''' was a failed operation by a force from the special commando unit of the Nazi Waffen SS, which began in Israel on October 6, 1944. The force numbered five people, three from the Templars of Palestine and two Arabs- Palestinians supporters of Mufti Amin al-Husseini, who were parachuted in the Jericho area near Wadi Kelt. Four of them were captured without causing any damage and the fifth Hasan Salama, who escaped, was killed in the 1948 Israel's War of Independence.
Some<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/magazine/features/the-fhrer-of-the-arabs The führer of the Arabs]. Gil Zohar, ''The Jerusalem Post'', December 20, 2020</ref>
hold, the plan included poisoning<ref>[https://www.isracast.com/operation-atlas-poisoning-tel-aviv-residents/ Operation Atlas - Poisoning Tel-Aviv Residents - IsraCast]</ref> the Tel Aviv water system with arsenic --which could have killed around a quarter million<ref>[https://www.danielpipes.org/comments/268265 https://www.danielpipes.org/comments/268265] at Pipes.</ref> people-- destroying the Naharayim hydroelectric plant and blowing up the oil pipeline running from Iraq to Haifa.
'''Crematoria''' plot - 1942:
Among the Grand Mufti's plots, was also the plan to set up crematoria in the Dotan Valley for the Jews in the Middle East, modeled on Auschwitz.<ref>Carol, S. (2015). Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis. United Kingdom: iUniverse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iIy5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118]</ref> <ref>[https://www.algemeiner.com/2015/10/27/report-jerusalems-grand-mufti-planned-construction-of-crematorium-in-israel/ Report: Jerusalem’s Grand Mufti Planned Construction of ‘Auschwitz-Like’ Crematorium in Israel]. ''Algemeiner'', October 27, 2015</ref> "to build a huge Auschwitzlike crematorium in the Dothan Valley, near Nablus, where Jews from Palestine, Iraq, Egypt, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, and North Africa would be imprisoned and exterminated, just like the death camps in Europe."
<u>Iraqi Kurdistan</u>
'''Operation Mammoth'''
Operation Mammoth (Mammut is the Germanized form of Mahmud, after Mahmud Barzandschi) was the code name of a German military operation for a German commando operation in 1943 by the Abwehr II (sabotage and decomposition) department of the Wehrmacht's Foreign Office/Defence during the Second World War.
A small team of German agents parachuted into Iraqi Kurdistan with the goal of covertly sabotaging Kirkuk oil fields and create a Kurdish uprising against the British with assistance from local Kurds who were seeking to create an independent Kurdistan. Further reinforcements of Nazis with weapons was supposed to be sent but the mission failed within days as the Nazi commandos landed 300 km away from their target destination and lost their weapons. They were soon arrested by the British and faced execution as spies, however they were released several years after World War II ended.<ref>
Werner Brockdorff: Geheimkommandos des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Wels 1967, ISBN 3-88102-059-4.
*Gottfried Johannes Müller: Im brennenden Orient. 3. Aufl., Salem, Stadtsteinach 2007 (zuerst 1937; einer der späteren Akteure).
*Pherset Zuber Mohammed Rosbeiani: Das Unternehmen „Mammut“. Ein politisch-militärisches Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/1943 und seine Vorgeschichte</ref>
<u>Egypt</u>
The '''first''' Battle of ''Al-Alamein''' is the accepted name for a series of battles, held between July 1 and July 27, 1942, as part of the campaign in the Western Desert in World War II. The campaign was conducted between the forces of the Axis powers under the command of Erwin Rommel, and the Eighth Army of the British Army under the command of Claude Auchinleck. During the battle, the Eighth Army managed to stop the continued advance of the Axis forces into Egyptian territory at the fortified El Alamein line, about 100 kilometers from Alexandria, while inflicting heavy losses on Rommel's forces. On the other hand, the Allied forces were unable to defeat the Axis forces and force them to retreat from the El Alamein line, even though they enjoyed a significant numerical and qualitative advantage over Rommel's forces, and they also suffered heavy losses.
The '''Second''' Battle of '''Al Alamein''' was a decisive battle that took place between October 23 and November 4, 1942 as part of the North African Campaign in World War II. The battle was the third in a series of military confrontations, which took place in the Al-Almain region of Egypt, beginning in July 1942. It was preceded by the first Al-Almain battle and the Alam Hala battle. During the battle, which lasted 12 days, the Eighth Army of the British Commonwealth under the command of Bernard Montgomery defeated the Panzer Afrika, which included German and Italian forces under the command of Erwin Rommel, and forced the Axis forces to begin a long retreat westward along the coast of North Africa, which ended with the surrender of the German and Italian forces in Tunisia in early May 1943. The Allied victory in the battle finally removed the German threat over Egypt and the Suez Canal, and put an end to the grandiose German plan to take control of the Middle East through a great pincer movement of Rommel's forces from the south and the German forces in the Caucasus from the north.
===Nazism at Arab Palestine===
===Nazism at Arab Palestine===
Note: The Holocaust was a European crime. However, this section is about what has happened among the Arabs linked to the land of Eretz Israel—Palestine.
Note: The Holocaust was a European crime. However, this section is about what has happened among the Arabs linked to the land of Eretz Israel—Palestine.