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===Progressivism===

===Progressivism===

The [[Progressive Movement]] found powerful support from the businessmen and professionals of Los Angeles. In an effort to rid the city of machine politics, reformers supported the election of Republican businessman George Alexander (1839-1923) as mayor in 1909. However the progressives disagreed over the goals of reform. Some emphasized honesty and efficiency in government, working for civil service reforms and 'classless' politics. More radical reformers called for measures that promoted social welfare and economic reform. When business-oriented progressives merged their interests with the social welfare faction, the city enacted legislation creating a public utilities commission, a public power project, and other measures. However, some business-oriented progressives abandoned the reform movement, while labor leaders demanded leadership that went beyond middle-class values. Pursuing a middle course, the progressives reelected Alexander in 1911, defeating the Socialist attack on the system. In Alexander's second term (1911–13) they enacted additional measures benefiting the public welfare. Party regulars, however, defeated a proposed progressive city charter in 1912, and increased factionalism within progressive ranks ended progressive rule in 1913.<ref>Martin J. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913." ''California Historical Quarterly'' 1975 54(1): 37-56</ref>  

The [[Progressive Movement]] found powerful support from the businessmen and professionals of Los Angeles. In an effort to rid the city of machine politics, reformers supported the election of Republican businessman George Alexander (1839-1923) as mayor in 1909. However the progressives disagreed over the goals of reform. Some emphasized honesty and efficiency in government, working for civil service reforms and 'classless' politics. More radical reformers called for measures that promoted social welfare and economic reform. When business-oriented progressives merged their interests with the social welfare faction, the city enacted legislation creating a public utilities commission, a public power project, and other measures. However, some business-oriented progressives abandoned the reform movement, while labor leaders demanded leadership that went beyond middle-class values. Pursuing a middle course, the progressives reelected Alexander in 1911, defeating the Socialist attack on the system. In Alexander's second term (1911–13) they enacted additional measures benefiting the public welfare. Party regulars, however, defeated a proposed progressive city charter in 1912, and increased factionalism within progressive ranks ended progressive rule in 1913.<ref>Martin J. Schiesl, "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913." ''California Historical Quarterly'' 1975 54(1): 37-56</ref>