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'''Russell Amos Kirk''' (October 19, 1918 – April 29, 1994) was an [[American]] political theorist, [[conservative]] intellectual, historian of ideas, social critic, and man of letters, who is best known for his role in the American conservative movement. Kirk's 1953 book, ''The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana'',<ref>It went into 7 editions, the later ones with the title ''The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot''.</ref> attempted without complete success to lay claim to the history and direction of the modern conservative movement. His book traced the development of conservative thought in the Anglo-American tradition, giving pride of place to the ideas of 18th-century British writer and statesman [[Edmund Burke]], an Irish Protestant who was sympathetic to independence for the American colonies.
'''Russell Amos Kirk''' (October 19, 1918 – April 29, 1994) was an [[American]] political theorist, [[conservative]] intellectual, historian of ideas, social critic, and man of letters, who is best known for his role in the American conservative movement. Kirk's 1953 book, ''The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana'',<ref>It went into 7 editions, the later ones with the title ''The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot''.</ref> attempted without complete success to lay claim to the history and direction of the modern conservative movement. His book traced the development of conservative thought in the Anglo-American tradition, giving pride of place to the ideas of 18th-century British writer and statesman [[Edmund Burke]], an Irish Protestant who was sympathetic to independence for the American colonies.
However, Kirk was not a [[movement conservative]]. His lack of vigilance against the potential for government tyranny, and his strident criticism of [[libertarian]]s, marginalized his effectiveness against the [[Deep State]], a ''[[1984]]'' type of society, or a government-imposed unisex society that obliterates gender distinctions. Kirk famously wrote "Ten Conservative Principles" which is abstract and never mentions gender, sex, [[abortion]], the [[homosexual agenda]], or [[transgenderism]]. Conservatives are champions of custom, convention, and continuity because they prefer the devil they know to the devil they don’t know.
However, Kirk was not a [[movement conservative]]. His lack of vigilance against the potential for government tyranny, and his strident criticism of [[libertarian]]s, marginalized his effectiveness against the [[Deep State]], a ''[[1984]]'' type of society, or a government-imposed unisex society that obliterates gender distinctions. Kirk famously wrote "Ten Conservative Principles" which is abstract and never mentions gender, sex, [[abortion]], the [[homosexual agenda]], or [[transgenderism]]. Conservatives are champions of custom, convention, and continuity because they prefer the devil they know to the devil they don't know.
==Life==
==Life==
Kirk taught briefly at Michigan State. He resigned in 1959, after having become disenchanted with that university's academic standards, rapid growth in student numbers, and emphasis on intercollegiate athletics and technical training at the expense of the traditional liberal arts. Thereafter he ridiculed Michigan State as "Cow College" or "Behemoth University." He later wrote that academic political scientists and sociologists were "as a breed--dull dogs."<ref>Kirk, ''The Portable Conservative Reader''. 1982. page xxxviii.</ref> Late in life, he taught one semester a year at [[Hillsdale College]], where he was Distinguished Visiting Professor of Humanities.
Kirk taught briefly at Michigan State. He resigned in 1959, after having become disenchanted with that university's academic standards, rapid growth in student numbers, and emphasis on intercollegiate athletics and technical training at the expense of the traditional liberal arts. Thereafter he ridiculed Michigan State as "Cow College" or "Behemoth University." He later wrote that academic political scientists and sociologists were "as a breed--dull dogs."<ref>Kirk, ''The Portable Conservative Reader''. 1982. page xxxviii.</ref> Late in life, he taught one semester a year at [[Hillsdale College]], where he was Distinguished Visiting Professor of Humanities.
Kirk frequently published in two American conservative journals he helped found, ''[[National Review]]'' in 1955 and ''[[Modern Age]]'' in 1957. He was the founding editor of the latter, 1957-59. Later he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the [[Heritage Foundation]], where he gave a number of lectures.<ref>Many published in his ''The Politics of Prudence'' (1993) and ''Redeeming the Time'' (1998).</ref>
Kirk frequently published in two American conservative journals he helped found, ''[[National Review]]'' in 1955 and ''[[Modern Age]]'' in 1957. He was the founding editor of the latter, 1957–59. Later he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the [[Heritage Foundation]], where he gave a number of lectures.<ref>Many published in his ''The Politics of Prudence'' (1993) and ''Redeeming the Time'' (1998).</ref>
After leaving Michigan State, Kirk returned to Mecosta, where he wrote many books, academic articles, lectures, and the syndicated newspaper column (which ran for 13 years) by which he exerted his influence on American politics and intellectual life. In 1963, Kirk married Annette Courtemanche; they had four daughters. She and Kirk became known for their hospitality, welcoming many political, philosophical, and literary figures in their Mecosta house (known as "Piety Hill"), and giving shelter to political refugees, hoboes, and others. Their home became the site of a sort of seminar on conservative thought for university students. Piety Hill now houses the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal.
After leaving Michigan State, Kirk returned to Mecosta, where he wrote many books, academic articles, lectures, and the syndicated newspaper column (which ran for 13 years) by which he exerted his influence on American politics and intellectual life. In 1963, Kirk married Annette Courtemanche; they had four daughters. She and Kirk became known for their hospitality, welcoming many political, philosophical, and literary figures in their Mecosta house (known as "Piety Hill"), and giving shelter to political refugees, hoboes, and others. Their home became the site of a sort of seminar on conservative thought for university students. Piety Hill now houses the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal.
''Modern Age'' articles are available online free at [http://www.isi.org/journals/archive/archive.aspx?id=912934da-f962-47fe-9bb8-4135b22303e4&journal=MA archive]
''Modern Age'' articles are available online free at [http://www.isi.org/journals/archive/archive.aspx?id=912934da-f962-47fe-9bb8-4135b22303e4&journal=MA archive]
* Attarian, John. "Russell Kirk's Political Economy," ''Modern Age'' 1998, 40: 87-97. Issn: 0026-7457.
* Attarian, John. "Russell Kirk's Political Economy," ''Modern Age'' 1998, 40: 87–97. Issn: 0026–7457.
* East, John P. "Russell Kirk as a Political Theorist: Perceiving the Need for Order in the Soul and in Society," ''Modern Age'' 1984, 28: 33-44. Issn: 0026-7457.
* East, John P. "Russell Kirk as a Political Theorist: Perceiving the Need for Order in the Soul and in Society," ''Modern Age'' 1984, 28: 33–44. Issn: 0026–7457.
* Jaffa, Harry. [http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.670/pub_detail.asp "The False Prophets of American Conservatism" (1998)], a stinging attack on Kirk by a leading conservative.
* Jaffa, Harry. [http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.670/pub_detail.asp "The False Prophets of American Conservatism" (1998)], a stinging attack on Kirk by a leading conservative.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Reason, Natural Law, and Moral Imagination in the Thought of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1983, 27: 15-24. Issn: 0026-7457.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Reason, Natural Law, and Moral Imagination in the Thought of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1983, 27: 15–24. Issn: 0026–7457.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Russell Kirk and The Age of Ideology." (2004); [https://www.amazon.com/Russell-Kirk-Ideology-Wesley-McDonald/dp/0826215122/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205881&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109320091 complete online edition].
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Russell Kirk and The Age of Ideology." (2004); [https://www.amazon.com/Russell-Kirk-Ideology-Wesley-McDonald/dp/0826215122/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205881&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109320091 complete online edition].
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Russell Kirk and the Prospects for Conservatism," ''Humanitas'' 1999 XII: 56-76.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Russell Kirk and the Prospects for Conservatism," ''Humanitas'' 1999 XII: 56–76.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Kirk, Russell (1918-94)," in "American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia". (2006). ISI Books: 471-474. Biographical entry.
* McDonald, William Wesley. "Kirk, Russell (1918-94)," in "American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia". (2006). ISI Books: 471–474. Biographical entry.
* Nash, George H., ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America''. (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Intellectual-Movement-America-Since/dp/1933859121/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205931&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Nash, George H., ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America''. (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Intellectual-Movement-America-Since/dp/1933859121/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205931&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Person, Jr., James E., 1999. ''Russell Kirk: A Critical Biography of a Conservative Mind''. [https://www.amazon.com/Russell-Kirk-Critical-Biography-Conservative/dp/1568331312/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205984&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Person, Jr., James E., 1999. ''Russell Kirk: A Critical Biography of a Conservative Mind''. [https://www.amazon.com/Russell-Kirk-Critical-Biography-Conservative/dp/1568331312/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205984&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Russello, Gerald J. "The Jurisprudence of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1996, 38: 354-63. Issn: 0026-7457. Reviews Kirk's writings on law, 1976–93, exploring his notion of natural law, his emphasis on the importance of the English common law tradition, and his theories of change and continuity in legal history.
* Russello, Gerald J. "The Jurisprudence of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1996, 38: 354–63. Issn: 0026–7457. Reviews Kirk's writings on law, 1976–93, exploring his notion of natural law, his emphasis on the importance of the English common law tradition, and his theories of change and continuity in legal history.
* Russello, Gerald J. ''The Postmodern Imagination of Russell Kirk''. (2007) University of Missouri Press. [https://www.amazon.com/Postmodern-Imagination-Russell-Kirk/dp/0826217206/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205466&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Russello, Gerald J. ''The Postmodern Imagination of Russell Kirk''. (2007) University of Missouri Press. [https://www.amazon.com/Postmodern-Imagination-Russell-Kirk/dp/0826217206/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201205466&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Russello, Gerald J. "Time and Timeless: the Historical Imagination of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1999, 41: 209-19. Issn: 0026-7457.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Time and Timeless: the Historical Imagination of Russell Kirk," ''Modern Age'' 1999, 41: 209–19. Issn: 0026–7457.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Russell Kirk and Territorial Democracy," ''Publius 34'': 2004, 109-24. Issn: 0048-5950.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Russell Kirk and Territorial Democracy," ''Publius 34'': 2004, 109–24. Issn: 0048–5950.
* Schoenwald, Jonathan M. ''A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism.'' (2001). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104931191 online edition]
* Schoenwald, Jonathan M. ''A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism.'' (2001). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104931191 online edition]
* Whitney, Gleaves. "The Swords of Imagination: Russell Kirk's Battle with Modernity," ''Modern Age'' 2001, 43: 311-20. Issn: 0026-7457. Argues that Kirk used five "swords of imagination": historical, political, moral, poetic, and prophetic. [http://www.mmisi.org/ma/43_04/whitney.pdf online edition]
* Whitney, Gleaves. "The Swords of Imagination: Russell Kirk's Battle with Modernity," ''Modern Age'' 2001, 43: 311–20. Issn: 0026–7457. Argues that Kirk used five "swords of imagination": historical, political, moral, poetic, and prophetic. [http://www.mmisi.org/ma/43_04/whitney.pdf online edition]
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===