Difference between revisions of "Liberal"

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== American Liberalism ==
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[[Image:Liberal Brain.jpg|thumb|350px|top|<center>A satirical conception of the liberal brain.</center>]]
  
"Liberals believe that government, at its best, is the way we come to together to tackle problems we can't solve on our own.  I'm a liberal, and as turns out, most Americans are liberals too."  Source: [[Al Franken]]. 2005. ''The Truth (with jokes)''. Dutton. ISBN 0525949062. p. 305.
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A '''liberal''' can support many of the following political positions and practices:
  
== History of Liberalism ==
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* A government with large spending on social programs, and high taxes to support such programs
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* Taxpayer-funded and/or legalized [[abortion]]
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* [[Income redistribution]], usually through progressive taxation
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* Government-rationed and taxpayer-funded medical care, such as [[Universal Health Care]]
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* Taxpayer-funded [[public education]]
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* The denial of inherent [[gender differences]] <!-- such as...? -->
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* Wanting men and women to have the same access to jobs in the [[military]]
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* Legalized [[same-sex marriage]]
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* Implimentation of [[affirmative action]]
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* [[Political correctness]]
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* [[Censorship]] of teacher-lead [[prayer]] in classrooms and school sponsored events
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* Support of [[labor union]]s
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* Teaching "comprehensive" sex-ed programs instead of [[abstinence]]-only programs.<ref> [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,286671,00.html Democrats Aim To Kill Abstinence-Only Program Funding], [[Fox News]], Monday, June 25, 2007</ref>
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* A "[[living Constitution]]" that is reinterpreted in a modern context, instead of how it was originally intended
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* Support for [[gun control]]
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* Government programs to [[rehabilitate criminals]]
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* Abolition of death penalty
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* [[Environmentalism]]<ref>[[Greenpeace]], for example.</ref>
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* [[Disarmament treaties]]
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* [[Globalism]]
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* Opposition to an interventionalist American foreign policy <ref>Stefaan Walgrave and Joris Verhulst, [http://nicomedia.math.upatras.gr/conf/CAWM2003/Papers/Verhulst.pdf The February 15 Worldwide Protests against a War in Iraq: An Empirical Test of Transnational Opportunities. Outline of a Research Programme](PDF).</ref>
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* Support of obscenity and pornography as a [[First Amendment]] right<ref>The [[Warren Court]], led by [[liberal]] Justices [[William O. Douglas]], [[Hugo Black]], [[Abe Fortas]], [[William Brennan]] and Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] issued 36 decisions granting [[First Amendment]] rights to obscenity and pornography. These decisions remain fully supported by liberals today.</ref>
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* Opposition to full private property rights<ref>For example, the liberal wing of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] issued the 5-4 [[Kelo v. City of New London]] decision authorizing the taking of private property by government in order to give the property to another private entity rather than convert it to a public use.</ref>
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* Reinstating the [[Fairness Doctrine]]
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* Opposition to domestic wire-tapping as authorized in the [[Patriot Act]]
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* Calling anyone they agree with a "professor" regardless of whether he earned that distinction based on a real peer review of his work (see, e.g., [[Richard Dawkins]] and [[Barack Obama]]).
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== Liberalism in North America today ==
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[[Democrats]] and many media outlets in the [[U.S.]] are often [[liberal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrc.org/biasbasics/biasbasics1.asp|title=Media Bias basics|publisher=Media Research Center}}</ref>
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*Some argue that liberals typically support economic policy similar to that of [[fascism]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fora.tv/2008/01/30/Liberal_Traits_of_Fascism|title=Video discussion about how modern liberalism is actually fascist by author Jonah Goldberg.}}</ref>
  
<b>Liberalism in the Ancient World</b>
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* Liberals claimed a monopoly on [[compassion]], [[decency]], and [[social justice]] (as defined by themselves), posing as the sole defenders of [[civic virtue]] against a horde of backwoodsmen, racists, and religious fanatics. [http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/03/the_disgrace_of_liberalism.html]
  
Liberalism as commonly understood is a modern philosophy, which developed in the wake of the [[Renaissance]] and in conjunction with the [[Enlightenment]].  It is concerned with the individual and human freedom.  However, liberalism is also associated with [[equality]], [[progress]], and [[empiricism]], all of which were elements found in ancient Greek culture.
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===Liberal Rankings of Congress Members===
  
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The National Journal compiles the votes of each congress member each year and uses the information to create rankings<ref>http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/index.htm</ref> of how liberal each member of the United States [[Congress]] is. In addition to showing the voting records of each member and given an overall all ranking of liberalness, the National Journal also ranks congress members by liberalness in the areas of social, economic, and foreign policy.
  
[[Eric Alfred Havelock]] argues in ''[[The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics]]'' [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/ff7e22dbd8f96526.html (find a library copy near you)] that there was a recognizably "liberal" tradition in Greek culture, which involved an interaction of these three elements, despite the fact that individualism as we know it--including the framework of individual rights--did not yet exist.
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==Liberalism in Europe today==
  
In contrast to the conservative myth of a past [[Golden Age]], laid out most fully in [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Works and Days]]'', early Greek natural philosophers developed a progressive, evolutionary view of the world, including human civilization. This became the fountainhead of a broader liberal tradition, which included among its fruits the Athenian democracy.  
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In Europe, on the other hand, parties that call themselves ''liberal'' are moderate in outlook, ranging from centre-left to centre-right, promote typically economic and business freedom. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe<ref>http://www.alde.eu</ref> is a party of the European Parliament that represents most ''liberal'' parties from European countries. Similar policies are promoted by many ''liberal'' parties throughout the world,<ref>http://www.liberal-international.org/</ref> such as the Liberal Party of Australia.<ref>[http://www.liberal.org.au/]</ref>
  
This tradition left only fragmentary evidence of its existence, as it was strongly opposed by the conservative anti-democratic figures who came to dominate Western philosophy--[[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]].  
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Trade unions and socialist parties often criticize politicians for promoting lower taxes on business, or more flexible hiring and firing laws, by calling them "liberals" or [[neoliberal|neoliberals]]. Thus, just as in the US, "liberal" may occasionally be used as a term of abuse. But when someone is called "liberal" in Europe, it has an entirely different meaning than in the US. In fact, the US meaning of liberal is more similar to the politics of European [[socialist]] or [[social democracy|social democratic]] parties.<ref>[http://www.pes.org]</ref>
  
'''Modern Liberalism'''
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==Historical Liberalism ==
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In history, the word "liberal" has meant different things at different times, and was associated with individual liberty in prior centuries. In the postwar period, liberals supported government intervention in the economy and welfare state policies, as well as peaceful coexistence with the communist block, which are not liberal policies in the sense of classical liberalism. After the end of the cold war, with the demise of socialism and communism, many liberals embraced some ideas from economic neo-liberalism, and coined it the "Third Way". In the area of national security and foreign policy liberals in the [[U.S.]] failed to define a consistent stance, even after the events of 9/11 and the beginning of the war in Iraq.  Liberals generally support affirmative action, gay marriage, and abortion.<ref>"Political liberals tend, for whatever reason, to be ardent supporters of both gay rights and pro-choice programs." Greenberg and Bailey [http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Greenberg-Bailey/Homosexual%20Eugenics.pdf]  </ref>
  
Pending an update of information on this page, an excellent overview is available from the ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'', at its entry for [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=/texts/english/dhi/dhi.o2w&act=text&offset=10374338&query=Liberalism&tag=LIBERALISM liberalism], and there's a shorter [http://www.mydd.com/story/2004/11/20/112714/77 introduction] (with copious excerpts) to this essay at MyDD.com.
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==Original meaning: Classical Liberalism==
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Liberalism is a political philosophy with freedom as its core value. The term was originally applied to supporters of individual liberties and equal rights, but, in America, the term has come to represent a movement of social change that often conflicts with [[conservative]] values such as moral values and tradition.
  
The essay cites three contributing sources for the modern liberal idea of freedom: (1) Greek philosophy; (2) Roman conceptions of law, and (3) the Judeo-Christian religious tradition affirming the closeness of man's relations with God, but focuses almost exclusively on what has happened in modern times as liberalism has evolveed.
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See [[Classical Liberal|Classical Liberalism]]. Compare [[Libertarianism]].
  
* [[Social Contract]]
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==Alternative meanings of 'liberal'==
  
== Economic Liberalism ==
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One definition of liberal is anything that is not conservative.  For example, the American Heritage Dictionary includes this definition of "liberal":<ref>Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liberal</ref> 
Adam Smith...
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* Not limited to or by established, traditional, orthodox, or authoritarian attitudes, views, or dogmas ...
  
Also see [[neoliberal]].
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==Liberal Organizations ==
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*[[AARP|AARP - American Association of Retired People]]  
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*[[ACLU|ACLU - American Civil Liberties Union]]
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*[[AFL-CIO|AFL-CIO - American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations]]
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*[[Amnesty International|AI - Amnesty International]]
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*[[Democratic National Committee]]
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*[[Greenpeace]]
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*[[NARAL|NARAL - National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League]]
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*[[NAACP|NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]
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*[[National Committee for an Effective Congress]]
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*[[National Education Association]]
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*[[National Organization of Women]]
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*[[Planned Parenthood|Planned Parenthood Federation of America]]
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*[[Rainbow/PUSH Coalition]]
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*[[MoveOn.org]]
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*[[A.N.S.W.E.R.]]
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*[[Westboro Baptist Church]]
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Source: [http://www.politixgroup.com/lo.htm The Politix Group]
  
== Philosophical Works ==
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==See Also==
  
"...there is a sphere of action in which society, as distinguished from the individual, has, if any, only an indirect interest; comprehending all that portion of a person's life and conduct which affects only himself, or if it also affects others, only with their free, voluntary, and undeceived consent and participation."
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* [[Conservapedia:Articles about liberals|Articles about liberals]]
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* [[Classical liberal]]
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* [[Drinking Liberally]]
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* [[Godless liberal]]
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* [[Hollywood values]]
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* [[Last wordism]]
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* [[:Category:Liberal activists|Liberal activists]]
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* [[Liberal arts]]
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* [[Liberal Arts college]]
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* [[Liberal Bias]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal celebrity obsession|Liberal celebrity obsession]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia|Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia]]
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* [[Liberal Christianity]]
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* [[Liberal deceit]]
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* [[Liberal Democrats]]
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* [[Liberal denial]]
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* [[Liberal Elite]]
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* [[Essay: Liberal Falsehoods|Liberal Falsehoods]]
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* [[Liberal Fascism]]
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* [[Liberal friendship]]
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* [[Liberal Gloss]]
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* [[Liberal grading]]
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* [[Liberal hate speech]]
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* [[Liberal Hypocrisy]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal hysteria|Liberal hysteria]]
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* [[Liberal ideology]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Intellectualism|Liberal Intellectualism]]
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* [[Liberalism and art]]
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* [[Liberal labels]]
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* [[Slander: Liberal Lies About the American Right|Liberal Lies About the American Right]]
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* [[Liberal logic]]
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* [[The Liberal Mind: The Psychological Causes of Political Madness|Liberal Mind]]
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* [[Liberal Myths]]
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* [[Liberal obfuscation]]
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* [[Liberal Party]]
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* [[Liberal quotient]]
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* [[Liberal supremacist]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Style|Liberal Style]]
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* [[Liberal tools]]
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* [[Liberal tricks]]
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* [[Liberal values]]
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* [[Massachusetts liberal]]
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* [[Professor values]]
  
From John Stuart Mill's [http://www.bartleby.com/130/ On Liberty] "Introductory"
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==Further Information==
  
== In International Relations Theory ==
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* [[Conservative Links]]
Liberal international relations (IR) theory developed in response to some of the fundamental fallacies of [[neorealist]] IR theory:
 
* actors <I>do</I> have memory
 
* IR need not be a zero-sum game, it can be win-win
 
* order can be imposed on the anarchic interstate system with [[multilateral agreement|multilateral agreements]]
 
In IR, liberals belive that multilateral institutions can improve the rules of the interstate system. They believe that the resulting peace, stability, and order is preferable and potentially persistent.
 
  
=See Also=
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{{liberalism}}
*[[Thank a liberal]]
 
  
== External links==
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==References==
* [http://www.liberalsvsconservatives.com Liberals Vs Conservatives] Liberal forum for debate.
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{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Politics]]
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[[Category:Political ideologies]]
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[[Category: Liberals]]

Revision as of 23:09, April 1, 2008

A satirical conception of the liberal brain.

A liberal can support many of the following political positions and practices:

Liberalism in North America today

Democrats and many media outlets in the U.S. are often liberal.[6]

  • Some argue that liberals typically support economic policy similar to that of fascism. [7]

Liberal Rankings of Congress Members

The National Journal compiles the votes of each congress member each year and uses the information to create rankings[8] of how liberal each member of the United States Congress is. In addition to showing the voting records of each member and given an overall all ranking of liberalness, the National Journal also ranks congress members by liberalness in the areas of social, economic, and foreign policy.

Liberalism in Europe today

In Europe, on the other hand, parties that call themselves liberal are moderate in outlook, ranging from centre-left to centre-right, promote typically economic and business freedom. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[9] is a party of the European Parliament that represents most liberal parties from European countries. Similar policies are promoted by many liberal parties throughout the world,[10] such as the Liberal Party of Australia.[11]

Trade unions and socialist parties often criticize politicians for promoting lower taxes on business, or more flexible hiring and firing laws, by calling them "liberals" or neoliberals. Thus, just as in the US, "liberal" may occasionally be used as a term of abuse. But when someone is called "liberal" in Europe, it has an entirely different meaning than in the US. In fact, the US meaning of liberal is more similar to the politics of European socialist or social democratic parties.[12]

Historical Liberalism

In history, the word "liberal" has meant different things at different times, and was associated with individual liberty in prior centuries. In the postwar period, liberals supported government intervention in the economy and welfare state policies, as well as peaceful coexistence with the communist block, which are not liberal policies in the sense of classical liberalism. After the end of the cold war, with the demise of socialism and communism, many liberals embraced some ideas from economic neo-liberalism, and coined it the "Third Way". In the area of national security and foreign policy liberals in the U.S. failed to define a consistent stance, even after the events of 9/11 and the beginning of the war in Iraq. Liberals generally support affirmative action, gay marriage, and abortion.[13]

Original meaning: Classical Liberalism

Liberalism is a political philosophy with freedom as its core value. The term was originally applied to supporters of individual liberties and equal rights, but, in America, the term has come to represent a movement of social change that often conflicts with conservative values such as moral values and tradition.

See Classical Liberalism. Compare Libertarianism.

Alternative meanings of 'liberal'

One definition of liberal is anything that is not conservative. For example, the American Heritage Dictionary includes this definition of "liberal":[14]

  • Not limited to or by established, traditional, orthodox, or authoritarian attitudes, views, or dogmas ...

Liberal Organizations

Source: The Politix Group

See Also

Further Information

References

  1. Democrats Aim To Kill Abstinence-Only Program Funding, Fox News, Monday, June 25, 2007
  2. Greenpeace, for example.
  3. Stefaan Walgrave and Joris Verhulst, The February 15 Worldwide Protests against a War in Iraq: An Empirical Test of Transnational Opportunities. Outline of a Research Programme(PDF).
  4. The Warren Court, led by liberal Justices William O. Douglas, Hugo Black, Abe Fortas, William Brennan and Chief Justice Earl Warren issued 36 decisions granting First Amendment rights to obscenity and pornography. These decisions remain fully supported by liberals today.
  5. For example, the liberal wing of the U.S. Supreme Court issued the 5-4 Kelo v. City of New London decision authorizing the taking of private property by government in order to give the property to another private entity rather than convert it to a public use.
  6. Media Bias basics. Media Research Center.
  7. Video discussion about how modern liberalism is actually fascist by author Jonah Goldberg..
  8. http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/index.htm
  9. http://www.alde.eu
  10. http://www.liberal-international.org/
  11. [1]
  12. [2]
  13. "Political liberals tend, for whatever reason, to be ardent supporters of both gay rights and pro-choice programs." Greenberg and Bailey [3]
  14. Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liberal