Changes

Factory owners began hiring Chinese workers at lower wages, and unions objected to that.  Factory owners would also import Chinese workers to "break a strike," and keep the factory operating despite the refusal of the regular employees to work.  So quickly the unions became opposed to immigration from China.

Factory owners began hiring Chinese workers at lower wages, and unions objected to that.  Factory owners would also import Chinese workers to "break a strike," and keep the factory operating despite the refusal of the regular employees to work.  So quickly the unions became opposed to immigration from China.

From 1877 to 1880, the Workingmen's Party existed with support by ordinary workers.  It was socialistic and opposed to immigration from China.  Its leader was Dennis Kearney, who was actually imprisoned for provocative speeches.  (Today the broad interpretation of the First Amendment prohibit such imprisonments.)

From 1877 to 1880, the Workingmen's Party existed with support by ordinary workers.  It was socialistic (against capitalism) and opposed to immigration from China.  Its leader was Dennis Kearney, who was actually imprisoned for provocative speeches.  (Today the broad interpretation of the First Amendment prohibits such imprisonments.)

In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was enacted as a culmination of growing opposition to Chinese immigrants, who were thought to lower wages for workers.  This Act banned the Chinese from immigrating to the United States, and was not repealed until 1943 when America needed the Chinese in the war against Japan.

In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was enacted as a culmination of growing opposition to Chinese immigrants, who were thought to lower wages for workers.  This Act banned the Chinese from immigrating to the United States, and was not repealed until 1943 when America sought Chinese cooperation in the war against Japan.

Some cities passed laws to frustrate efforts by Chinese to operate businesses in competition with Americans.  San Francisco, for example, passed a law requiring laundries to be only in stone or brick buildings, which made it more difficult for the Chinese to open laundry businesses.  But the Chinese challenged that law and took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which invalidated the law and gave the victory to the Chinese in Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886).

Some cities passed laws to frustrate efforts by Chinese to operate businesses in competition with Americans.  San Francisco, for example, passed a law requiring laundries to be only in stone or brick buildings, which made it more difficult for the Chinese to open laundry businesses.  But the Chinese challenged that law and took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which invalidated the law and gave the victory to the Chinese in ''Yick Wo v. Hopkins'' (1886).

In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to demand limiting the workday to 8 hours and stop employers who required longer hours per day.  Initially this was a non-political organization, not aligned with either political party.  By 1901 it had 1 million members.  The Knights of Labor, another labor group in the 1880s, had 700,000 members at that time.  So these labor groups were quite large.

In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to demand limiting the workday to 8 hours and stop employers who demanded longer workdays.  Initially this was a non-political organization, not aligned with either political party.  By 1901 it had 1 million members.  The Knights of Labor, another labor group in the 1880s, had 700,000 members at that time.  So these labor groups were quite large.

In 1886, workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago began a strike in the hopes of shortening the workday to 8 hours.  The company tried to break the strike by using new workers, and police were called in to protect the new workers.  A fight broke out and one person was killed.

In 1886, workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago began a strike in the hopes of shortening the workday to 8 hours.  The company tried to break the strike by using new workers, and police were called in to protect the new workers.  A fight broke out and one person was killed.

Anarchists were extremists who sided with the unions, and the anarchists planned a large rally the next day to protest the alleged police brutality.  They expected 20,000 to show up at Haymarket Square in Chicago, but actually on 1500 to 2000 were there, with the police there also.  At one point a protester threw a pipe bomb at the policemen, and its explosion killed seven policement and injured more than 60 others.  The police then fired into the crowd, and killed four.

Anarchists were anti-civilization extremists who sided with the unions, and the anarchists planned a large rally the next day to protest the alleged police brutality.  They expected 20,000 to show up at the public Haymarket Square in Chicago, but actually only 1500 to 2000 were there, with the police there also.  At one point a protester threw a pipe bomb at the policemen, and its explosion killed seven policemen and injured more than 60 others.  The police then fired into the crowd, and killed four.

Eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder; seven were convicted, and four were hanged in November 1887.  This was a huge embarrassment for the union movement, which did include many socialists and anarchists.  It caused a delay in acceptance of the eight hour workday, and the movement of workers from the Knights of Labor to the more moderate American Federation of Labor.<ref>http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h750.html</ref>

Eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder; seven were convicted, and four were hanged in November 1887.  This was a huge embarrassment for the union movement, which did include many socialists and anarchists.  It caused a delay in acceptance of the eight hour workday, and many workers left the Knights of Labor to join the more moderate American Federation of Labor.<ref>http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h750.html</ref>

Despite the fact that the radicals killed the policemen in the Haymarket Square riots, radicals in 1969 (including Barack Obama's friend Bill Ayers) detonated a bomb to destroy a statute honoring the fallen policemen.  The mayor of Chicago correctly criticized it as an attack on law and order.<ref>Bill Ayers, "Fugitive Days" at p. 176 (Beacon Press: Boston, Massachusetts 2001)</ref>

Despite the fact that radicals killed policemen in the Haymarket Square riots, radicals in 1969 (including Barack Obama's friend Bill Ayers) detonated a bomb to destroy a statute honoring the fallen policemen.  The mayor of Chicago correctly criticized it as an attack on law and order.<ref>Bill Ayers, "Fugitive Days" at p. 176 (Beacon Press: Boston, Massachusetts 2001)</ref>

Another violent conflict involving striking workers occurred near Pittsburgh in 1892.  Called the Homestead Strike, guards hired by wealthy businessman Andrew Carnegie suppressed a strike by workers and ten were killed in the conflict.

Another violent conflict involving striking workers occurred near Pittsburgh in 1892.  Called the Homestead Strike, guards hired by wealthy businessman Andrew Carnegie suppressed a strike by workers, and ten were killed in the conflict.

The biggest leader of the labor movement was Eugene V. Debs, who headed the American Railway Union (railroad workers).  Debs was jailed for leading strike against Pullman railroad cars in 1894 over wages.  In 1895, in a case entitled "In re Debs," the U.S. Supreme Court upheld judicial power to prohibit strikes against railroads, and upheld the power of courts to jail those who disobey court orders and engage in strikes anyway (like Debs).

The biggest leader of the labor movement was Eugene V. Debs, who headed the American Railway Union (railroad workers).  Debs was jailed for leading strike against Pullman railroad cars in 1894 over wages.  In 1895, in a case entitled "In re Debs," the U.S. Supreme Court upheld judicial power to prohibit strikes against railroads, and upheld the power of courts to jail those who disobey court orders and engage in strikes anyway (like Debs).

== Indians and the Frontier ==

== Indians and the Frontier ==