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| | [[American History Lecture Eleven|Lecture]] - [[American_History_Homework_Eleven|Questions]] - [[American History Homework Eleven Answers|Student Answers]] | | [[American History Lecture Eleven|Lecture]] - [[American_History_Homework_Eleven|Questions]] - [[American History Homework Eleven Answers|Student Answers]] |
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| − | This lecture we will cover up until about 1950. The next lecture we'll cover until the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980, and then the last lecture will be the Reagan Administration and the subsequent Administrations. | + | This lecture we will cover through World War II. The next lecture we'll cover until the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980, and then the last lecture will be the Reagan Administration and beyond. |
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| | First, let's review a bit. [[Imperialism]] (extending power over other peoples) around turn of the century (1900). The Treaty of Paris at the end of the [[Spanish American War]] enabled the United States to annex the Philippine Islands and also Guam and Puerto Rico. Spain had held the Philippines ever since explorer Ferdinand Magellan discovered it in 1521. But after we took over, a bloody rebellion continued there by natives. We sent 70,000 soldiers to suppress them. Many Americans opposed this imperialism, including Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie. They said it was against our American tradition. After we killed off many of the insurgents, Carnegie wrote to our government, "You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. About 8000 of them have been completely civilized and sent to Heaven. I hope you like it." | | First, let's review a bit. [[Imperialism]] (extending power over other peoples) around turn of the century (1900). The Treaty of Paris at the end of the [[Spanish American War]] enabled the United States to annex the Philippine Islands and also Guam and Puerto Rico. Spain had held the Philippines ever since explorer Ferdinand Magellan discovered it in 1521. But after we took over, a bloody rebellion continued there by natives. We sent 70,000 soldiers to suppress them. Many Americans opposed this imperialism, including Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie. They said it was against our American tradition. After we killed off many of the insurgents, Carnegie wrote to our government, "You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. About 8000 of them have been completely civilized and sent to Heaven. I hope you like it." |
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| | '''Debate: Was it right to drop atomic bombs on Japan?''' | | '''Debate: Was it right to drop atomic bombs on Japan?''' |
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| − | == Immigration ==
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| − | National Origins Act "1924: restricted immigrants from southern and central Europe and Asia, to stop anarchists and Bolsheviks"
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| − | Immigration 1890-1917 "mostly from central and southern Europe, also many from Eastern Europe; opposition to this increased"
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| − | Emergency Quota Act "1921: limited immigrants to 3%/yr of nationality living in US in 1910, favoring older Anglo-Saxon& N Europe"
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| − | Let’s turn to a topic in the news: immigration. Immigration was free and unlimited for most of our history. William Penn actually advertised in Germany for immigrants to settle in his colony of Pennsylvania in the late 1600s. There was some hostility to immigrants in the early United States, as illustrated by the “Alien and Sedition Laws” (1798) which authorized the deportation of subversive “aliens” or immigrants who had not yet become citizens.
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| − | Nevertheless, up until the 1850s immigration was mostly welcomed in America. But after a huge influx of immigrants from Ireland due to the potato famine there, in 1854 the “American Party,” also called the “Know-Nothings” because of how they would describe themselves, was founded in order to oppose immigration. Ever since, there has been political pressure to limit immigration.
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| − | The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended the Mexican War and allowed Mexicans residing in territories acquired by the United States to become American citizens. However, segregation in the public schools of Mexicans was common until the Supreme Court abolished it for African-Americans in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). After 1890, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States illegally and were called “wetbacks”.
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| − | The big flood of immigration occurred between the end of the Civil War and 1921. Up to one-third of Americans today are decedents of immigrations to America during that period. The vast majority was from Europe, but the Burlingame Treaty with China in 1868 gave Chinese unlimited rights to immigrate, and many did. Labor unions then complained about the influx of Chinese immigrants (who had built the transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada mountains). In 1879, the moderate Republican Rutherford Hayes vetoed a bill restricting Chinese immigration, but three years later the new Republican president Chester Arthur signed a bill prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers. This bill was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
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| − | In 1891 the federal government established the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which supervises lawful immigration to this day. In 1892, INS established Ellis Island in New York harbor as the primary screening point for legal immigrants before they settled in the United States. Medical tests and oaths of allegiance to the United States were administered there.
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| − | The high point of lawful immigration to the United States was 1905-14, when more than a million legal immigrants entered in each of six separate years. Most were from southern and central Europe. By origin the percentage immigration to the United States from 1890 to 1917 was:
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| − | Central, Southern and Eastern Europe – 70%
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| − | <br>Northwest Europe – 20%
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| − | <br>Central and South America – 3%
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| − | <br>Canada and Newfoundland – 4%
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| − | <br>Asia – 3%
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| − | That very high percentage of immigration from European countries other than England and Ireland caused alarm among many Americans of English descent. By the 1920s, the United States was increasingly concerned about anarchists and communists entering from southern and eastern Europe. Recall that President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist whose family had immigrated from Eastern Europe, and the American trial of anarchists from Italy named Sacco and Vanzetti for senseless murders had gripped our nation in 1920-21 and during the lengthy appeals afterwards. The Red Scare of 1919-20 further alarmed Americans about immigration from Eastern Europe. After the great wave of immigration leading up to World War I, Americans wanted to limit it. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited immigration to 3% of that originating country’s immigration levels in 1910.
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| − | The Immigration Act of 1924 (also known as the National Origins Act) reduced the 3% further, to 2%, and changed the baseline from 1910 to 1890 in order to give preferences to immigrants from Great Britain, Germany and Ireland. Immigration from Italy, Russia and Asia was thereby sharply reduced. Strict quotas were enforced, but applied to unskilled laborers rather than professionals. President Calvin Coolidge signed the bill into law.
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| − | In 1946 immigration from India was allowed up to an annual quota, and in 1952 immigration from Asia was allowed again for the first time since 1917.
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| − | In 1965 the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished quotas for each foreign country and instead established an overall limit on visas for immigrants in the eastern hemisphere, and in 1968 a limit on visas from the western hemisphere was also established on a first-come, first-serve basis.
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| − | Illegal immigration from Mexico grew in the early 1980s and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allowed most illegal aliens who resided in the U.S. continuously since 1982 to apply for legal status. Employers were prohibited from hiring illegal aliens, in order to discourage future illegal immigration.
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| − | Court decisions made it difficult or impossible for states to deny government benefits (such as free public education) to illegal immigrants and their entry into the United States continued to grow. Estimates are that 10-20 million people now live in the United States illegally, most having arrived by crossing the United States-Mexico border but not all of whom are Mexican. Congress is bitterly divided about how to address this, and some propose building a wall along that border.
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| − | What is your view?
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| | == Cold War == | | == Cold War == |
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| | Several in our class have described communism as being good in theory, but bad in practice. But consider that communism requires coercion and force to enforce its requirement of equal wealth regardless of talents and efforts. That is anti-Christian in several important ways, starting with free will and ending with the unimportance of wealth to God. Also, communism inevitably requires suppressing religion, churches, private schools and even homeschooling in order to ensure conformity of beliefs. | | Several in our class have described communism as being good in theory, but bad in practice. But consider that communism requires coercion and force to enforce its requirement of equal wealth regardless of talents and efforts. That is anti-Christian in several important ways, starting with free will and ending with the unimportance of wealth to God. Also, communism inevitably requires suppressing religion, churches, private schools and even homeschooling in order to ensure conformity of beliefs. |
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| | + | == Immigration == |
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| | + | Let's review the issue of immigration, a topic that is often in the news. (It was not part of the presidential election because both Obama and McCain were pro-immigration and pro-amnesty, and thus had nothing to debate about.) |
| | + | |
| | + | Immigration was free and unlimited for most of our history. William Penn actually advertised in Germany for immigrants to settle in his colony of Pennsylvania in the late 1600s. There was some hostility to immigrants in the early United States, as illustrated by the "Alien and Sedition Laws" (1798) which authorized the deportation of subversive "aliens" or immigrants who had not yet become citizens. |
| | + | |
| | + | Nevertheless, up until the 1850s immigration was mostly welcomed in America. But after a huge influx of immigrants from Ireland due to the potato famine there, in 1854 the "American Party," also called the “Know-Nothings” because of how they would describe themselves, was founded in order to oppose immigration. Ever since, there has been political pressure to limit immigration. |
| | + | |
| | + | The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended the Mexican War and allowed Mexicans residing in territories acquired by the United States to become American citizens. However, segregation in the public schools of Mexicans was common until the Supreme Court abolished it for African-Americans in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). After 1890, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States illegally and were called "wetbacks". |
| | + | |
| | + | The big flood of immigration occurred between the end of the Civil War and 1921. Up to one-third of Americans today are decedents of immigrations to America during that period. The vast majority was from Europe, but the Burlingame Treaty with China in 1868 gave Chinese unlimited rights to immigrate, and many did. Labor unions then complained about the influx of Chinese immigrants (who had built the transcontinental railroad over the Sierra Nevada mountains). In 1879, the moderate Republican Rutherford Hayes vetoed a bill restricting Chinese immigration, but three years later the new Republican president Chester Arthur signed a bill prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers. This bill was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. |
| | + | |
| | + | In 1891 the federal government established the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which supervises lawful immigration to this day. In 1892, INS established Ellis Island in New York harbor as the primary screening point for legal immigrants before they settled in the United States. Medical tests and oaths of allegiance to the United States were administered there. |
| | + | |
| | + | The high point of lawful immigration to the United States was 1905-14, when more than a million legal immigrants entered in each of six separate years. Most were from southern and central Europe. By origin the percentage immigration to the United States from 1890 to 1917 was: |
| | + | |
| | + | Central, Southern and Eastern Europe – 70% |
| | + | <br>Northwest Europe – 20% |
| | + | <br>Central and South America – 3% |
| | + | <br>Canada and Newfoundland – 4% |
| | + | <br>Asia – 3% |
| | + | |
| | + | That very high percentage of immigration from European countries other than England and Ireland caused alarm among many Americans of English descent. By the 1920s, the United States was increasingly concerned about anarchists and communists entering from southern and eastern Europe. Recall that President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist whose family had immigrated from Eastern Europe, and the American trial of anarchists from Italy named Sacco and Vanzetti for senseless murders had gripped our nation in 1920-21 and during the lengthy appeals afterward. The Red Scare of 1919-20 further alarmed Americans about immigration from Eastern Europe. After the great wave of immigration leading up to World War I, Americans wanted to limit it. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited immigration to 3% of that originating country’s immigration levels in 1910. |
| | + | |
| | + | The Immigration Act of 1924 (also known as the National Origins Act) reduced the 3% further, to 2%, and changed the baseline from 1910 to 1890 in order to give preferences to immigrants from Great Britain, Germany and Ireland. Immigration from Italy, Russia and Asia was thereby sharply reduced. Strict quotas were enforced, but applied to unskilled laborers rather than professionals. President Calvin Coolidge signed the bill into law. |
| | + | |
| | + | From 1890 through 1917, immigration was mostly from central and southern Europe, and also many from Eastern Europe. There was opposition to immigration from these parts of Europe, which were more Catholic and Jewish than northern Europe (where prior immigration was from). In 1921, the Emergency Quota Act passed to limit immigration to 3% per year of each nationality living in the United States as of 1910. This had the effect of favoring immigration from Anglo-Saxons (Britain) and northern Europe, which were more Protestant. |
| | + | |
| | + | In 1924, the National Origins Act passed to restrict immigration. There was American outrage at the violence and threats to American freedoms from the anarchists and Bolsheviks (communists), which tended to come from southern and eastern Europe. This law sharply restricted immigration from southern and central Europe and Asia. |
| | + | |
| | + | In 1946 immigration from India was allowed up to an annual quota, and in 1952 immigration from Asia was allowed again for the first time since 1917. |
| | + | |
| | + | In 1965 the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished quotas for each foreign country and instead established an overall limit on visas for immigrants in the eastern hemisphere, and in 1968 a limit on visas from the western hemisphere was also established on a first-come, first-serve basis. |
| | + | |
| | + | Illegal immigration from Mexico grew in the early 1980s and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allowed most illegal aliens who resided in the U.S. continuously since 1982 to apply for legal status. Employers were prohibited from hiring illegal aliens, in order to discourage future illegal immigration. |
| | + | |
| | + | Court decisions made it difficult or impossible for states to deny government benefits (such as free public education) to illegal immigrants and their entry into the United States continued to grow. Estimates are that 10-20 million people now live in the United States illegally, most having arrived by crossing the United States-Mexico border but not all of whom are Mexican. Congress is bitterly divided about how to address this, and some propose building a wall along that border. |
| | + | |
| | + | '''Debate: What is your view of immigration?''' |
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| | == References == | | == References == |