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[[World History Lecture One|1]]-[[World History Lecture Two|2]]-[[World History Lecture Three|3]]-[[World History Lecture Four|4]]-[[World History Lecture Five|5]]-[[World History Lecture Six|6]]-[[World History Lecture Seven|7]]-[[World History Lecture Eight|8]]-[[World History Lecture Nine|9]]-[[World History Lecture Ten|10]]-[[World History Lecture Eleven|11]]-[[World History Lecture Twelve|12]]-[[World History Lecture Thirteen|13]]-[[World History Lecture Fourteen|14]]

[[World History Lecture One|1]]-[[World History Lecture Two|2]]-[[World History Lecture Three|3]]-[[World History Lecture Four|4]]-[[World History Lecture Five|5]]-[[World History Lecture Six|6]]-[[World History Lecture Seven|7]]-[[World History Lecture Eight|8]]-[[World History Lecture Nine|9]]-[[World History Lecture Ten|10]]-[[World History Lecture Eleven|11]]-[[World History Lecture Twelve|12]]-[[World History Lecture Thirteen|13]]-[[World History Lecture Fourteen|14]]

This lecture focuses on the 19th century (1800s), and then next class we begin studying the 20th century.

This lecture focuses on the 19th century (1800s); next class we begin studying the 20th century.

The 19th century saw a great increase in wealth in Western Europe due to the Industrial Revolution.  This century also experienced a rise in nationalism and imperialism.  During this time there were also advances in mathematical and scientific knowledge, such as James Clerk Maxwell (British physicist), Louis Pasteur (French chemist) and Bernhard Riemann (German mathematician).  Let us begin.

The 19th century saw a great increase in wealth in Western Europe due to the Industrial Revolution.  This century also had a rise in nationalism and imperialism.  During this time there were advances in mathematical and scientific knowledge, such as James Clerk Maxwell (British physicist), Louis Pasteur (French chemist) and Bernhard Riemann (German mathematician).

==The Industrial Revolution==

==The Industrial Revolution==

Other factors also caused industrialization.  As farming techniques improved, each farm could obtain better yield or output from their land, and there was less of a need for so many farmers.  A few farmers benefited from “economies of scale,” which is when something can be doing more efficiently on a larger scale, like when a large store like Wal-Mart provides cheaper goods than a small store can.  In the early 1700s, there was an “enclosure movement” whereby wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.  The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.  People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland.  In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built.

Other factors also caused industrialization.  As farming techniques improved, each farm could obtain better yield or output from their land, and there was less of a need for so many farmers.  A few farmers benefited from “economies of scale,” which is when something can be doing more efficiently on a larger scale, like when a large store like Wal-Mart provides cheaper goods than a small store can.  In the early 1700s, there was an “enclosure movement” whereby wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.  The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.  People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland.  In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built.

[[Image:Luddite Leader.jpg|right|300px|Leader of the Luddites]]

[[Image:Luddite Leader.jpg|right|300px|Leader of the Luddites]]

Other countries lacked some of these factors of production, and it took decades or even a century to industrialize.  Historians claim that some countries, like Austria-Hungary and Spain, lacked the waterways needed by factories, or had too much hilly terrain.  But the real reason other countries did not industrialize as quickly as England and the United States is simple:  the other countries did not embrace free enterprise and the teachings of Adam Smith.  Industrialization depends on capitalism, free enterprise, and the benefits of competition.  In the United States, industrialization was enhanced by the structure of an entity known as the “corporation”, whereby investors provide capital without taking on risks any greater than the amount of their investment.

Other countries lacked some of these factors of production, and it took decades or even a century to industrialize.  Historians claim that some countries, like Austria-Hungary and Spain, lacked the waterways needed by factories, or had too much hilly terrain.  But the real reason other countries did not industrialize as quickly as England and the United States is simple:  the other countries did not embrace free enterprise and the teachings of Adam Smith.  Industrialization depends on capitalism, free enterprise, and the benefits of competition.  In the United States, industrialization was enhanced by the structure of an entity known as the “corporation”, whereby investors provide capital without taking on risks any greater than the amount of their investment.

If you are a businessman or investor, then you love the industrial revolution because it enables you to make money without being a farmer, and gives you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available, such as computers.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The industrial revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as many hours spent commuting to and from jobs each week.

If you are a businessman or investor, then you love the industrial revolution because it enables you to make money without being a farmer, and gives you access to all sorts of goods and products that might not otherwise be available, such as computers.  But some people, like Thomas Jefferson, felt that a farming lifestyle was important to the family unit and overall peace and well-being in society.  The industrial revolution did damage families and created a stressful lifestyle that exists today, such as many hours spent commuting to and from jobs each week.

There was a movement against the Industrial Revolution in England, called the “Luddites”.  They even rioted against it, destroying machinery that they opposed.  Today the term “Luddite” is often to refer to someone who resists using new technology, such as the internet.

There was a movement against the Industrial Revolution in England, called the “Luddites”.  They even rioted against it, destroying machinery that they opposed (see image above).  Today the term “Luddite” is often to refer to someone who resists using new technology, such as the internet.

===The Effects of the Industrial Revolution===

===The Effects of the Industrial Revolution===

The effects of the industrial revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase of trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  As aforementioned, the middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.

The effects of the Industrial Revolution included the growth of European nations in wealth and power and the increase of trade among nations.  Areas of the world participating in trade and industrialization grew closer together, and global interaction increased.  However, nations that resisted industrialization became increasingly isolated.  Colonization continued, with Japan joining Europe in the conquest of territories to obtain raw materials.  As aforementioned, the middle class increased and more people became interested in politics, which led to reforms and new policies.

Initially there were many negative domestic effects of the industrial revolution.  Poor working conditions existed for factory workers: factories were dirty and dangerous places to work and wages were low and hours were long.  But these initial problems among workers were lessened by the industrial reformation, by which quality and standards of living were greatly improved.  A wide range of products, which previously would have been impossible to attain, were now cheaply produced and available to the average citizen.  Real income — the actual purchasing power of money — greatly increased: people were able to buy much more with their money.  The middle class composed of shopkeepers, factory owners, civil servants and merchants grew immensely.

Initially there were negative effects.  Poor working conditions existed for factory workers: factories were dirty and dangerous places to work and wages were low and hours were long.  But these initial problems among workers were lessened by the industrial reformation, by which quality and standards of living were greatly improved.  A wide range of products, which previously would have been impossible to attain, were now cheaply produced and available to the average citizen.  Real income — the actual purchasing power of money — greatly increased: people were able to buy much more with their money.  The middle class composed of shopkeepers, factory owners, civil servants and merchants grew immensely.

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization — or the development and movement of people to cities — increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the U.S., the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization — or the development and movement of people to cities — increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the U.S., the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

Another Englishman, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), promoted a theory of evolution.  Darwin’s own family considered him to be a disgrace, and felt that way even before he failed at an attempt to become a doctor.  His father later sought for him to become an Anglican parson (pastor), but Darwin abandoned the Christian faith instead.  He was unable to earn a degree in science and he struggled in scientific subjects such as physics (and math).  But after collecting some plant and animal specimens on a voyage (on the H.M.S. Beagle ship) around the world, in 1859 Darwin published a radical (and racist) book entitled ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''.  It proposed that species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through “natural selection.”  Darwin had not observed any transitional forms (fossils reflecting evolution between species), and said his theory would fail if no transitional forms were found.  None were found, but his theory is still taught.   

Another Englishman, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), promoted a theory of evolution.  Darwin’s own family considered him to be a disgrace, and felt that way even before he failed at an attempt to become a doctor.  His father later sought for him to become an Anglican parson (pastor), but Darwin abandoned the Christian faith instead.  He was unable to earn a degree in science and he struggled in scientific subjects such as physics (and math).  But after collecting some plant and animal specimens on a voyage (on the H.M.S. Beagle ship) around the world, in 1859 Darwin published a radical (and racist) book entitled ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''.  It proposed that species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through “natural selection.”  Darwin had not observed any transitional forms (fossils reflecting evolution between species), and said his theory would fail if no transitional forms were found.  None were found, but his theory is still taught.   

The greatest scientists and mathematicians, from Louis Pasteur to Bernhard Riemann, viewed Darwin’s theory as absurd.  The French described Darwin’s theory as “a fairy tale for grown-ups.”  Darwin’s explanation for an evolution of the whale (a mammal) was that it somehow came from black bears swimming with their mouths open.  No one can reconcile Darwin’s theory with the evidence of a massive flood, or the fact that all mutations are harmful, or the observation that species have been going extinct rather than being generated, or the fact that all unaided things become more disordered and scattered over time.  Today Darwin’s theory is most popular among people who, like Darwin himself, have some superficial education in science without any depth of study or insight.  Darwin’s theory is particularly silly to those who appreciate the vast beauty in the world, as Darwin’s theory is based only on functionality, without any place for artistic design.

The greatest scientists and mathematicians, from Louis Pasteur to Bernhard Riemann, viewed Darwin’s theory as absurd.  The French described Darwin’s theory as “a fairy tale for grown-ups.”  Darwin’s explanation for an evolution of the whale (a mammal) was that it somehow came from black bears swimming with their mouths open.  Darwin’s theory conflicts with the Flood, the fact that all mutations are harmful, the fact that species have been going extinct rather than being generated, and the fact that all unaided things become more disordered and scattered over time.  Today Darwin’s theory is most popular among people who, like Darwin himself, have some superficial education in science without any depth of study or insight.  Darwin’s theory ignores the vast beauty in the world, as Darwin’s theory is based only on functionality, without any place for artistic design.

It was for political reasons that Darwin’s theory has been taught in schools, aided by frauds like the Piltdown Man (a fake fossil combination that was taught for 40 years has the missing link between man and apes).  Darwin, an Englishman, is promoted heavily in England and even buried next to Isaac Newton.  Germany also promoted the theory of evolution heavily until the Darwinists engaged in racial cleansing and experimentation to “perfect” the Aryan race under Adolf Hitler.  In the United States, evolution has been taught in public schools for nearly 100 years, yet 90% of Americans continue to reject the theory as it is being taught.

It was for political reasons that Darwin’s theory has been taught in schools, aided by frauds like the Piltdown Man (a fake fossil combination that was taught for 40 years has the missing link between man and apes).  Darwin, an Englishman, is promoted heavily in England and even buried next to Isaac Newton.  Germany also promoted the theory of evolution heavily until the Darwinists engaged in racial cleansing and experimentation to “perfect” the Aryan race under Adolf Hitler.  In the United States, evolution has been taught in public schools for nearly 100 years, yet 90% of Americans continue to reject the theory as it is being taught.

=== Social Reform ===

=== Social Reform ===

Labor unions arose in the late 1800s, as John Stuart Mill suggested, in order to combat a perceived exploitation of workers.  “Collective bargaining” between workers (the “collective” side) and their opponents, the owners, became popular and continues to exist today.  Collective bargaining usually works like this:  the workers demand a raise in their salaries, or the workers will go on strike.  It was collective bargaining in the late 1900s that helped enable American baseball players to increase their salaries to astronomical levels.  Several times baseball players made good on their threat, and went out on strike.  Devastating strikes by auto workers in Detroit in the 1970s, demanding higher wages, had a huge effect on the competitiveness of the auto industry, and it is going bankrupt today.

Labor unions arose in the late 1800s, as John Stuart Mill suggested, in order to combat a perceived exploitation of workers.  “Collective bargaining” between workers (the “collective” side) and their opponents, the owners, became popular and continues to exist today.  Collective bargaining usually works like this:  the workers demand a raise in their salaries, or the workers will go on strike.  It was collective bargaining in the late 1900s that helped enable American baseball players to increase their salaries to astronomical levels.  Devastating strikes by auto workers in Detroit in the 1970s, demanding higher wages, had a huge effect on the competitiveness of the auto industry, and it is going bankrupt today.

The abolition movement, which was motivated mostly by Christianity rather than by non-Christian reform movements, wiped out slavery and slave trade in much of the world by 1888.   

The abolition movement, which was motivated mostly by Christianity rather than by non-Christian reform movements, wiped out slavery and slave trade in much of the world by 1888.