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In Africa, Pentecostal churches attract restless young men eager to retain wages earned in the impersonal labor market, migrants eager to link into supportive networks, and women eager to exit from the systems of bridewealth, polygamy, and arbitrary patriarchal power. For all these people Pentecostalism offers a way to break with the elders and the spiritual system that underwrites their power, ancestor sacrifice.<ref> See Martin (2001)</ref>
In Africa, Pentecostal churches attract restless young men eager to retain wages earned in the impersonal labor market, migrants eager to link into supportive networks, and women eager to exit from the systems of bridewealth, polygamy, and arbitrary patriarchal power. For all these people Pentecostalism offers a way to break with the elders and the spiritual system that underwrites their power, ancestor sacrifice.<ref> See Martin (2001)</ref>
<ref> see Robert Mbe Akoko, ''"Ask and You Shall Be Given"
The often combustible interaction of resurgent religion and the developing world's unstable politics constitutes breeding ground for rapid expansion of revival churches. Evangelical churches are gaining ground in unstable political environments. Protestantism is increasingly challenging the Catholic and Presbyterian hegemony in the religious sphere. Established churches are facing stiff opposition or competition from emerging revival churches producing an "adversarial" style of Protestantism.
“Early Pentecostalism” preached an ascetic doctrine, which stressed perfection, strict moral ethics and biblical inerrancy. The ways of the world were considered the ways of sin and believers exhorted to shun all unnecessary material and carnal pleasures. "Modern Pentecostalism", on the other hand embraces a gospel of accumulation as the ways of the world, not as the ways of sin. It encourages believers to accumulate while on earth. While early Pentecostal churches embraced the ascetic doctrine of classical Pentecostalism, the new wave of these churches strongly emphasize a gospel of accumulation. <ref> see Robert Mbe Akoko, ''"Ask and You Shall Be Given"
Pentecostalism and the Economic Crisis in Cameroon.'' (2007)ISBN 978-90-5448-007-5.</ref>
Pentecostalism and the Economic Crisis in Cameroon.'' (2007)ISBN 978-90-5448-007-5.</ref>
* Wacker, Grant. ''Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture.'' (2001) 380pp
* Wacker, Grant. ''Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture.'' (2001) 380pp
* Walsh, Arlene Sanchez. ''Latino Pentecostal Identity: Evangelical Faith, Self, and Society'' (2003)
* Walsh, Arlene Sanchez. ''Latino Pentecostal Identity: Evangelical Faith, Self, and Society'' (2003)
===Specialized topics===
===Specialized topics===
* Baer, Jonathan R. "Redeemed Bodies: The Functions Of Divine Healing In Incipient Pentecostalism." ''Church History'' 2001 70(4): 735-771. in JSTOR
* Baer, Jonathan R. "Redeemed Bodies: The Functions Of Divine Healing In Incipient Pentecostalism." ''Church History'' 2001 70(4): 735-771. in JSTOR
* Goff, Jr. James R. ''Fields White unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and the Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism'' (University of Arkansas Press, 1988)
* Goff, Jr. James R. ''Fields White unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and the Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism'' (University of Arkansas Press, 1988)
* Medhurst, Martin J. ''Filled with the Spirit: Rhetorical Invention and the Pentecostal Tradition," ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' v7 #4 (2004) 555-572 in Project MUSE
* Medhurst, Martin J. ''Filled with the Spirit: Rhetorical Invention and the Pentecostal Tradition," ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' v7 #4 (2004) 555-572 in Project MUSE
===Missions and International===
===Missions and International===
* Akoko, Robert Mbe. ''"Ask and You Shall Be Given": Pentecostalism and the Economic Crisis in Cameroon'' (2007. 239 pp. [: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23129 online review]
* Brouwer, Steve, Paul Gifford, and Susan D. Rose. ''Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism'' (1996), examines the spread of Pentecostalism and the market revolution, as well as the connection between these phenomena, in Guatemala, the Philippines, South Korea, and Liberia. It says these trends are examples of "Americanization"
* Brouwer, Steve, Paul Gifford, and Susan D. Rose. ''Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism'' (1996), examines the spread of Pentecostalism and the market revolution, as well as the connection between these phenomena, in Guatemala, the Philippines, South Korea, and Liberia. It says these trends are examples of "Americanization"
* Cleary, Edward L. and Hannah W. Stewart-Gambino, eds. ''Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America,'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/read/59437994?title=Power%2c%20Politics%2c%20and%20Pentecostals%20in%20Latin%20America online edition]
* Cleary, Edward L. and Hannah W. Stewart-Gambino, eds. ''Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America,'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/read/59437994?title=Power%2c%20Politics%2c%20and%20Pentecostals%20in%20Latin%20America online edition]
* Freston, Paul. ''Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America'' (2008)
* Kalu, Ogbu. ''African Pentecostalism: An Introduction'' [2008])
* Kircher-Allen, Eamon. "Ghana's New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy," ''Journal of International Affairs,'' Vol. 61, 2007 [http://www.questia.com/read/5024920307?title=Ghana's%20New%20Christianity%3a%20Pentecostalism%20in%20a%20Globalizing%20African%20Economy online edition]
* Kircher-Allen, Eamon. "Ghana's New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy," ''Journal of International Affairs,'' Vol. 61, 2007 [http://www.questia.com/read/5024920307?title=Ghana's%20New%20Christianity%3a%20Pentecostalism%20in%20a%20Globalizing%20African%20Economy online edition]
* Martin, David. ''Pentecostalism: the world their parish'' (2001) 215pp
* Martin, David. ''Pentecostalism: the world their parish'' (2001) 215pp