Difference between revisions of "Europe"

Revision as of 21:37, June 28, 2009

Not a continent D.U.M.A.S.S Its a western peninsula of Asia. DUh

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
+Not a continent D.U.M.A.S.S Its a western peninsula of Asia. DUh
-|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:Europe pol 2004.jpg|300px]]
-|-
-!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: maroon no-repeat scroll top left;"|Europe
-|-
-|-
-| Area
-| 4,066,281 square miles
-|-
-| Coastline
-| 50,000 square miles
-|-
-| Highest point
-| Mt. Elbrus, 18,481 feet
-|-
-| Lowest point
-| Shoreline of Caspian Sea, 92 feet below sea level
-|-
-| Longest river
-| Volga, 2,330 miles
-|-
-|}
-'''Europe''' is the western part of the [[continent]]al landmass of Eurasia, consisting of the general area between the [[Ural Mountains]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].  With an area of 3,998,000 square miles it ranks as the second-smallest of the continents, but in terms of population (727,000,000 in 2007) it is the third-largest.
-Long a center of [[culture]], [[art]], [[philosophy]], and [[government]], Europe was the birthplace of [[democracy]]; the art and architecture of the [[Renaissance]]; the springboard of the great age of exploration; and the beginnings of the industrial age.  Several major empires inhabited the continent: [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Roman Empire|Rome]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman]], the [[France|French]], the [[Germany|German]], and the [[British Empire|British]] each producing great achievements for posterity, as well as sparking wars and conflicts which exist to this day.
-==Land==
-Europe is considered to begin at the Ural Mountains, a chain running north-south in present-day Russia.  The Caucasus, another mountain chain between the Black and Caspian Seas, forms the southern land boundary.  Its remaining boundaries are coastlines; the Arctic Ocean, the North and Norwegian Seas, the Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.  The northernmost point on the mainland is Cape Nordkinn, Norway; the southernmost in Spain at Punta de Tarifa.
-===Climate===
-Cool winters and mild summers are typical of the climate in northern Europe, the result of the warm currents brought by the Atlantic Ocean as well as prevailing westerly winds.  The climate of southern Europe is Mediterranean, usually hot in summer, with most rainfall taking place in winter.  A colder climate begins in central Poland eastward, typified by drier conditions and, especially in Russia, severely-cold winters.
-===Drainage===
-The major rivers in western Europe originate in the mountain ranges of central Europe.  The Rhine, Rhone, Elbe, Seine and Vistula flow from the Alps and the Balkans northward, emptying into the English Channel, North and Baltic seas; the Po and  Rubicon rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea, while the [[Danube]] flows into the Black Sea.  Long a navigable river, the [[Danube]] is further connected via locks and canals to the Rhine, ensuring a centuries-long free flow of commerce from both sides of Europe into the interior.  In eastern Europe the major rivers flow towards the south, emptying in the Black and Caspian seas; among them are the Dnepr, Donets, and Volga. With the exception of the Mediterranean rivers, all European rivers have an even rate of flow as a result of an even spread of yearly precipitation; the faster-flowing rivers, particularly in the mountain highlands and Scandinavia, also aid in the production of hydroelectric power for home and industry.
-===Flora===
-Forests covered a large part of Europe as late as the 19th century, but human activities have cleared a many areas for farming.  Still, a large amount of forested land remains, as well as those acres that have been re-planted or re-grown after human abandonment.
-A mixed coniferous-deciduous belt dominates a vegetation zone across the central portion of the continent from east to west, characterized by oak, elm and maple mingled with fir and pine.  Spruce and pine dominate inland northern Europe as a result of cool, but mild temperatures.  Tundra is characteristic of the Arctic land regions, consisting of shrubs, wild flowers, lichens and mosses.  To the east is the European Plain, an expanse of prairie grass which gives way to the Ukrainian steppe and its short grasses of a drier climate.
-===Fauna===
-[[Image:Three-happy-bears.jpg|thumb|280px|Russian bears]]
-The lakes and rivers support an abundance of fish, including trout and salmon, while the coastal areas and inland seas support tuna, sardines, sturgeon, cod, haddock, halibut, and many others.  Birds are widespread as well, including eagles, storks, ravens, and seabirds.
-Although there are many mammal species on the continent (deer, lemmings, beaver, etc), they have been hard hit as a result of man's long occupation in Europe.  The once common brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is now restricted to isolated pockets of the Pyrenees and the far north of Scandinavia. The wisent (''Bison bonasus''), the largest mammal on the continent, has been over-hunted so extensively that only a few managed herds survive in central Poland, while a relative, the larger aurochs (''Bos primigenius'') was killed off by 1627.
-===Mineral [[resources]]===
-Coal is found extensively in Britain, Spain, France, the Ruhr of Germany, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and the Ukraine.  Oil and natural gas deposits lie throughout Europe, with the two most important regions within Russia and the North Sea.  Nickel, tin, bauxite, copper, lead, gypsum, manganese, lead, and iron ore have been mined extensively and traded.  Marble, such as that from Carrera, Italy, is used in monumental architecture and statuary.
-===Arable land===
-Countries in Europe with the largest percentage of arable land include the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, and the Netherlands, all of which have large areas of plains despite also having a large amount of highlands (in addition, the Netherlands has much land re-claimed from the sea).  In addition, nearly half of western Europe has arable land.  Norway, Sweden, Finland, and northern Russia have limited amounts of arable land by comparison, due to a restricted growing season at high latitudes as well as extreme cold.
-==People==
-It is conjectured that the first humans migrated into Europe in several waves, either from Asia Minor across the Bosporus and into the Balkan region, or from Asia by way of the steppes.  River barriers, mountains, and forested lands help to divide early Europeans into distinct groups, and by about 4000 B.C. humans were well-established.
-===Ethnic groups===
-A large number of diverse ethnic groups live on the continent, associated by common culture and language.  Several of the European nations are composed of one predominant ethnic group, i.e. Greeks in Greece, Spanish in Spain.  Several of these countries have a distinctive minority, such as the Laplanders of northern Norway and Finland.
-===Languages===
-The vast majority of the languages spoken on the European continent come from the [[Indo-European]] language family. Within this category, the three largest European branches are the [[Romance]] (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian); [[Germanic]] (German, English, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic); and [[Slavic]] (Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian).  Other languages include Celtic (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), Greek and Albanian, as well as languages within the Finno-Ugric group (Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian).  Turkish is spoken in the European portion of Turkey.
-Several of the European languages were spread world-wide over the past five hundred years as a result of trade, colonization, or political/military power; as a result, French, English, Spanish, and German are second languages for many people.
-===Religion===
-[[Image:Caravaggio Ecce Homo.JPG|thumb|Ecce Homo by [[Caravaggio]].]]
-The dominant religion in Europe is Christianity, with the Roman Catholic Church the largest single sect, forming a major part of the lives of people in France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, and Poland. The Protestants are several churches which originally broke away from the Catholic Church beginning in the 16th century, the first being the Lutheran Church. Members of Protestant denominations form the majority in Germany, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom. The third major Christian group is Eastern Orthodoxy, mainly in eastern Europe, of which the Greek and Russian sects are well known.
-Europe is a very secularized and socialized continent.<ref>[http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2008/05/02/europe-the-dark-continent/ Europe: The Dark Continent]</ref>
-In addition to Turkey, Islam has established itself as the dominant religion in the Balkan countries of Albania and Kosovo.
-===Culture and Education===
-The arts has a long period of tradition in Europe, which produced many outstanding works in painting, sculpture, architecture, dance, music, and literature; among the great masters are [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michaelangelo]], [[Raphael]], [[Vincent Van Gogh]], Mozart, Brahms, Alexander Dumas, [[Charles Dickens]], and many others.  [[Paris]], Vienna, [[London]], Rome, Madrid, [[Florence]], and other European capitals became havens where art flourished and expanded.  Institutions of learning also grew, with several, such as Oxford and Cambridge, becoming well-known world-wide.
-===Demography===
-Migration and differential birth and death rates have resulted in a shifting in population distribution over periods of time.  By 400 A.D. the bulk of the population was along the Mediterranean coastline; today the interior and north-central Europe has the majority of population density.  The average life expectancy for Europeans is 75 years, despite a population decrease attributed to a low birth rate of 10.2 births per 1,000 people (2005).
-==Economy and Commerce==
-===Industry===
-The Industrial Revolution began in Europe during the late 18th century, and since then Europe has become a leading exporter of manufactured goods.  Textiles and clothing, ships, motor vehicles, aircraft, railroads, are among the items produced, and since World War II high-technology and electronic items were added.  Manufacturing is particularly concentrated in the United Kingdom, central Europe, and in European Russia and Ukraine.
-===Agriculture===
-European farmers produce a mixed variety of crops yearly, with wheat producing the largest yield, especially within the Ukraine.  Other crops include barley, oats, rye, corn, potatoes, beets, beans, peas, and sugar beets.  Southern Europe is noted for the production of grapes for the wine industry, olives, pistachio nuts, and citrus fruits; the first two (grapes and olives) have become important to the identity as well as the economy of the countries which produce them.  Animal production includes beef (especially in Spain), pigs, goats, and poultry.
-===Forestry===
-The main sources of wood for construction and other products come from the northern European forests of Scandinavia, Finland, and Russia; southern Europe, with less forested acreage, is known primarily as a producer of cork.
-===Fishing===
-Fishing is very important to northern European countries; access to the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans enable a large harvest of cod, char, herring and flatfish yearly.  All coastal countries engage in commercial fishing to some degree, and two, Italy and Greece, have fishing traditions which date to ancient times.
-===Transportation===
-The first means of transportation were by water; the Vikings have traded extensively via the waterways and river systems of northern Europe, while in the south the Danube and Mediterranean was used.  Today, large fleets of ships are maintained by several countries which import and export a great deal of goods, and have transformed many coastal cities into major sea ports.
-Highways and roads are well-established and maintained; Germany's famous Autobahns providing the example, and in addition to trade via trucks a large number of Europeans own automobiles.  Railways carrying passengers and freight crisscross the continent; France's TGV is among the fastest trains in the world, and the "Orient Express", made famous by an Agatha Christie novel, still makes its fabled run from Paris to Istanbul.
-All European countries have a national airline (KLM, Lufthansa, British Airways, etc) that maintain routes world-wide.  In addition, the Airbus Corporation competes with Boeing in the manufacture of large-bodied passenger aircraft.
-===Trade===
-International and intercontinental trade on a large scale is conducted by nearly all European countries, with the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom among the largest trading nations in the world.
-==History==
-====Early humans====
-[[Image:Europe ref04.jpg|thumb|300 px|Shaded relief map of Europe]]
-It was during the late Paleolithic that humans arrived on the continent, and although of a hunter-gatherer stock they left behind examples of their art, most notably the cave paintings in Spain and France with their highly-decorated murals of extinct animals.  As these hunters settled down by the Neolithic period, they had learned to farm, and by roughly 6000 B.C. farming had spread across most of the continent.  With farming came a more settled life, and towns were created, with the Starčevo and Danubian cultures in the Balkans, and Sesklo and Dimini in Thessaly.  Trade in metals (copper, tin) resulted in the creation of bronze by about 4000 B.C.; amber marked its appearence as a precious stone in trade from the Baltic.  Elaborate burials were becoming common, especially of aristocrats or royalty; during this time as well humans were organized into societies that resulted in the construction of the megaliths, of which [[Stonehenge]] is the best known example.
-No clear definition exists for the origin of the Indo-European languages.  Some scholars theorize that it came across the plains north of the Black Sea with a kurgan culture around 2500 B.C.  According to the theory, the first such kurgan invasion was successful in the Balkans, where it spread to central Europe.
-====First Civilizations====
-The island of Crete in the Aegean was the first to have a major civilization in Europe.  Named after King Minos of Greek mythology, the Minoan Civilization had its capital at Knossos; the ruins excavated in the early 20th century by British archaeologist Arthur Evans indicate a well-developed society, capable of extensive trade by sea, which effectively controlled the Aegean by 1600 B.C.  By then the first tellings of the Mycenaean Civilization appeared on mainland Greece.  These ancient Greeks may have been Indo-Europeans from the Balkans, and have been in conflict with the Minoans, who simply vanish from the historical record by 1400 B.C. (this may be due to the eruption of Thera, a volcano to the north of Crete, about 1450 B.C.; physical evidence on Crete indicates a massive, catastrophic explosion).  By 1200 B.C. the Mycenaeans themselves were almost destroyed, by warfare and earthquakes.  In the years following, the Greeks began to fashion new tools and weapons from iron.
-== See also ==
-*[[Europa]]
-*[[Architecture]]
-== External links ==
-*[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/europe.htm Europe]
-== References ==
-<references/>
-[[Category:Continents]]

Difference between revisions of "Europe"

Revision as of 21:37, June 28, 2009

Navigation menu

Search