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The American Civil War and the transcontinental railroad brought cultural change to the United States, and the [[Morrill Act]] sparked a wave of establishment of non-sectarian public universities. From about 1860 through the 1950s, compulsory chapel at the Ivy League schools began to be challenged. One after another, they abolished it. Harvard, under the leadership of Unitarian Charles W. Eliot<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511919 Harvard's Secularization], from The Harvard Crimson</ref>—with the support the famous Episcopalian minister [[Phillips Brooks]]<ref>[http://www.harvardmag.com/mj96/vita.html Vita: Phillips Brooks], The Harvard Magazine</ref>—Harvard abolished compulsory chapel in 1889. Princeton held on the longest, abolishing it in 1962<ref>[http://etcweb.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/05/Companion/university_chapel.html?15 The University Chapel], Princeton website</ref>
The American Civil War and the transcontinental railroad brought cultural change to the United States, and the [[Morrill Act]] sparked a wave of establishment of non-sectarian public universities. From about 1860 through the 1950s, compulsory chapel at the Ivy League schools began to be challenged. One after another, they abolished it. Harvard, under the leadership of Unitarian Charles W. Eliot<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511919 Harvard's Secularization], from The Harvard Crimson</ref>—with the support the famous Episcopalian minister [[Phillips Brooks]]<ref>[http://www.harvardmag.com/mj96/vita.html Vita: Phillips Brooks], The Harvard Magazine</ref>—Harvard abolished compulsory chapel in 1889. Princeton held on the longest, abolishing it in 1962<ref>[http://etcweb.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/05/Companion/university_chapel.html?15 The University Chapel], Princeton website</ref>
Compulsory chapel continues to be common at smaller schools with strong ties to evangelical Protestant denominations.<ref>E.g. Eastern Nazarene College in Massachusetts, according to Kyle Alspach, (2005), "What I Learned From Nazarene Life," ''The Boston Globe,'' July 31, 2005, Globe South p. 4</ref>
==Notes and references==
==Notes and references==
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