17,394
edits
Changes
no edit summary
Political reform began in 1895 with the defeat of the Arthur Gorman-Isaac Freeman Rasin Democratic machine. The great fire of 1904 destroyed 70 blocks and 1,526 buildings in the downtown, and led to systematic urban renewal programs.<ref>Christine Meisner Rosen, ''The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America'' (1986) has a chapter on Baltimore.</ref>
Political reform began in 1895 with the defeat of the Arthur Gorman-Isaac Freeman Rasin Democratic machine. The great fire of 1904 destroyed 70 blocks and 1,526 buildings in the downtown, and led to systematic urban renewal programs.<ref>Christine Meisner Rosen, ''The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America'' (1986) has a chapter on Baltimore.</ref>
Baltimore was a poorly managed city in 1890, despite its economic vitality. Already Boston, Chicago, and New York were moving to modernize their public works infrastructures and to support the construction of capital-intensive, technologically sophisticated sewer and water supply systems. Baltimore lagged behind the other American metropolises because of its culture of privatism and the politicization of its municipal administration. However, during the 1890-1920 period the city responded to the same concerns as Chicago, New York, and Boston. The increase in urban crises, particularly the 1904 fire and the deterioration of sanitary conditions, prompted demands for reform. Moreover, the municipal administration underwent a process of moralization and professionalization in the 1900s. Afterward, Baltimore modeled itself on the other American metropolises and chose to modernize its institutions and address the industrial and urban challenges of the era.
Baltimore was a poorly managed city in 1890, despite its economic vitality. Already Boston, Chicago, and New York were moving to modernize their public works infrastructures and to support the construction of capital-intensive, technologically sophisticated sewer and water supply systems. Baltimore lagged behind the other American metropolises because of its culture of privatism and the politicization of its municipal administration. However, during the 1890-1920 period the city responded to the same concerns as Chicago, New York, and Boston. The increase in urban crises, particularly the 1904 fire and the deterioration of sanitary conditions, prompted demands for reform. Moreover, the municipal administration underwent a process of moralization and professionalization in the 1900s. Afterward, Baltimore modeled itself on the other American metropolises and chose to modernize its institutions and address the industrial and urban challenges of the era.<ref> Alan D. Anderson, ''The Origin and Resolution of an Urban Crisis: Baltimore, 1890-1930'' (1977). 143 pp.</ref>
When in 1918 the US government reversed its draft exemption for married workers and required all men to work in essential occupations or serve in the military, professional baseball players either enlisted or joined industrial baseball leagues. Company leagues included those of Bethlehem Steel, which had recreational leagues on both coasts that by 1918 represented a major-league level of competition. Sparrows Point, Maryland, a Bethlehem Steel company town, had a Steel League team, whose results Baltimore baseball fans followed closely. At the same time, fans also followed the draft status and 1918 season of Baltimore native [[Babe Ruth]], then playing with the Boston Red Sox and considering his own options, including joining an industrial league team. In September Bethlehem Steel, fearing competition with other leagues over professional talent, disbanded the Steel League. When the war ended in November, players such as Ruth were free to re-sign with their major league teams.<ref> Peter T. Dalleo, and J. Vincent Watchorn, III, "Baltimore, the 'Babe,' and the Bethlehem Steel League, 1918," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' 1998 93(1): 88-106, </ref>
When in 1918 the US government reversed its draft exemption for married workers and required all men to work in essential occupations or serve in the military, professional baseball players either enlisted or joined industrial baseball leagues. Company leagues included those of Bethlehem Steel, which had recreational leagues on both coasts that by 1918 represented a major-league level of competition. Sparrows Point, Maryland, a Bethlehem Steel company town, had a Steel League team, whose results Baltimore baseball fans followed closely. At the same time, fans also followed the draft status and 1918 season of Baltimore native [[Babe Ruth]], then playing with the Boston Red Sox and considering his own options, including joining an industrial league team. In September Bethlehem Steel, fearing competition with other leagues over professional talent, disbanded the Steel League. When the war ended in November, players such as Ruth were free to re-sign with their major league teams.<ref> Peter T. Dalleo, and J. Vincent Watchorn, III, "Baltimore, the 'Babe,' and the Bethlehem Steel League, 1918," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' 1998 93(1): 88-106, </ref>
*[[Johns Hopkins University]]
*[[Johns Hopkins University]]
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression'' (1988)
* Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression'' (1988) [http://www.questia.com/read/94873541?title=Toward%20a%20New%20Deal%20in%20Baltimore%3a%20People%20and%20Government%20in%20the%20Great%20Depression online edition]
* Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Making the Amalgamated: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Baltimore Clothing Industry, 1899-1939'' (1999) 229 pp.
* Argersinger, Jo Ann E. ''Making the Amalgamated: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Baltimore Clothing Industry, 1899-1939'' (1999) 229 pp.
*Arnold, Joseph L. "Baltimore: Southern Economy and a Northern Culture," in Richard M. Bernard, ed., ''Snowbelt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast and Midwest since World War II'' (1990)
*Arnold, Joseph L. "Baltimore: Southern Economy and a Northern Culture," in Richard M. Bernard, ed., ''Snowbelt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast and Midwest since World War II'' (1990)
* Bilhartz, Terry D. ''Urban Religion and the Second Great Awakening: Church and Society in Early National Baltimore'' (1986)
* Bilhartz, Terry D. ''Urban Religion and the Second Great Awakening: Church and Society in Early National Baltimore'' (1986)
* Browne, Gary Lawson. ''Baltimore in the Nation, 1789-1861'' (1980). 349 pp.
* Durr, Kenneth D. ''Behind the Backlash: White Working Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/106480718?title=Behind%20the%20Backlash%3a%20%20White%20Working-Class%20Politics%20in%20Baltimore%2c%201940-1980 online edition]
* Durr, Kenneth D. ''Behind the Backlash: White Working Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/106480718?title=Behind%20the%20Backlash%3a%20%20White%20Working-Class%20Politics%20in%20Baltimore%2c%201940-1980 online edition]
* Elfenbein, Jessica I.''The Making of a Modern City: Philanthropy, Civic Culture, and the Baltimore YMCA'' (2001) 192 pp.
* Elfenbein, Jessica I.''The Making of a Modern City: Philanthropy, Civic Culture, and the Baltimore YMCA'' (2001) 192 pp.
* Fee, Elizabeth, et al. eds. ''The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History'' (1991). 256 pp. guide to the history and culture of working class neighborhoods; strong left bias
* Fee, Elizabeth, et al. eds. ''The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History'' (1991). 256 pp. guide to the history and culture of working class neighborhoods; strong left bias
* Hayward, Mary Ellen and Shivers, Frank R., Jr., eds. ''The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History'' (2004). 408 pp.
* Hayward, Mary Ellen and Shivers, Frank R., Jr., eds. ''The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History'' (2004). 408 pp.
* Browne, Gary Lawson. ''Baltimore in the Nation, 1789-1861'' (1980). 349 pp.
* Olson, Sherry H. ''Baltimore: The Building of an American City'' (1980). 432 pp. a fact (and picture) filled history
* Phillips, Christopher. ''Freedom's Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790-1860'' (1997)
* Phillips, Christopher. ''Freedom's Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790-1860'' (1997)
* Rockman, Seth. ''Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore'' (2009), 368 pp. social history [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=24171 online review]
* Rockman, Seth. ''Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore'' (2009), 368 pp. social history [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=24171 online review]