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Line 88: − + − + − Studies indicate that resistance to many of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately. Bedbugs have a cuticle on the outside of their body that is almost impenetrable to many insecticides used today, therefore the bugs do not pick up dried residues very well. Bedbugs developed resistance to DDT in 1950s, and then to its successors such as organophosphates like diazinon and malathion which were being used to clear up remaining infestations.<ref>http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1768&category=Environment</ref> DDT resistance can lead to pyrethroid resistance, as both pesticide classes act on the same target site.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref>+ − Possibly the most effective agent against bed begs, with long residual effect, is Propoxur (marketed under the registered trademark name Baygon) a carbamate pesticide with a somewhat murky regulatory history. In a test of its effectiveness against bedbugs, while some of today’s leading pesticides could not kill even half of the bugs, propoxur a well as chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) killed them all in an hour. However, Propoxur is a neurotoxin, toxic to humans if ingested, and [[EPA]] research has found their nervous systems could be harmed, with infants and children being in the most danger. Serious overexposure can also cause death by cardiorespiratory depression.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> It is therefore, like chlorpyrifos,<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/chlorpyrifos.htm</ref> banned by the EPA for use in locations where children may be present (residential buildings and hotels) Recently, the EPA denied a request by the state of Ohio to allow its use therein by licensed exterminators.<ref>http://bedbugger.com/2010/06/11/bed-bugs-cheer-ohios-propoxur-exemption-request-denied/</ref> + − + + + − +
→Insecticides
===Insecticides===
===Insecticides===
[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include [[deltamethrin]], a synthetic pyrethrin, one of many pyrethroids, . Other chemicals include benseneacatate, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fencalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, propoxur and resmethrin, not all of which are EPA approved. <ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> Isopropyl alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do certain insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness.< Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. <ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref>
[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include [[deltamethrin]], a synthetic pyrethrin, one of many pyrethroids. Other chemicals include benseneacatate, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fencalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, propoxur and resmethrin, not all of which are EPA approved. <ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref> An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bedbugs, causing migration if not killed, or not.
Natural insecticides include cedar oil, food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]] as well as slica and quartz. The latter three can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, resulting in their death by dehydration. However, diatomaceous earth is less effective at higher humidities, and the source of the diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>
Natural insecticides include cedar oil, food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]] as well as slica and quartz. The latter three can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, resulting in their death by dehydration. However, diatomaceous earth is less effective at higher humidities, and the source of the diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>
An additional insecticide is one which does not actually kill bedbugs, but instead it works to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref> Repeat treatments with any legal insecticide are advised and are almost always necessary. Inhalation of all insecticides is to be avoided. Spot treatment of bedbugs with chemical formulations can make matters worse by allowing them to disperse and or develop resistance to the insecticide used.
An additional insecticide is hydroprene, which does not actually kill bedbugs, but instead it works to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref>
Repeat treatments with any legal insecticide are advised and are almost always necessary. Inhalation of all insecticides is to be avoided. Spot treatment of bedbugs with chemical formulations can make matters worse by allowing them to disperse and or develop resistance to the insecticide used.
Studies indicate that resistance to many of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref> This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry.Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately. Bedbugs have a cuticle on the outside of their body that is almost impenetrable to many insecticides used today, therefore the bugs do not pick up dried residues very well. Bedbugs developed resistance to DDT in the 1950s, and then to its successors such as organophosphates like diazinon and malathion which were being used to clear up remaining infestations.<ref>http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1768&category=Environment</ref> DDT resistance can lead to pyrethroid resistance, as both pesticide classes act on the same target site.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref>
Propoxur volatilizes in the air and be absorbed into the blood weeks after application. It is also thought to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, a possible human carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and, due to its cholinesterase inhibiting properties, a neurotoxicant, but it is not thought to be bioaccumulative.<ref>http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Propoxur</ref>
Possibly the most effective agent against bed begs, with long residual effect, is Propoxur (marketed under the registered trademark name Baygon) a carbamate pesticide with a somewhat murky regulatory history. In a test of its effectiveness against bedbugs, while some of today’s leading pesticides could not kill even half of the bugs, propoxur a well as chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) killed them all in an hour. However, Propoxur is a neurotoxin, toxic to humans if ingested, and [[EPA]] research has found human nervous systems could be harmed, with infants and children being in the most danger. Serious overexposure can also cause death by cardiorespiratory depression.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> It is therefore, like chlorpyrifos,<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/chlorpyrifos.htm</ref> banned by the EPA for use in locations where children may be present (residential buildings and hotels). Recently, the EPA denied a request by the state of Ohio to allow its use therein by licensed exterminators.<ref>http://bedbugger.com/2010/06/11/bed-bugs-cheer-ohios-propoxur-exemption-request-denied/</ref>
Propoxur volatilizes in the air and can be absorbed into the blood weeks after application. It is also thought to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, a possible human carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and, due to its cholinesterase inhibiting properties, a neurotoxicant, but it is not thought to be bioaccumulative.<ref>http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Propoxur</ref>
Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.
Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.
Bed bugs have not shown resistance to a relatively new material, ''chlorfenapyr''.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> However, chlorfenapyr may require ten or more days kill the bugs, during which the bugs may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations. Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain esfenvalerate or lamba-cyhalothrin may offer the best rapid reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs</ref> Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>
Bed bugs have not shown resistance to a relatively new material, ''chlorfenapyr'' (marketed as ''Phantom'').<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> However, chlorfenapyr may require ten or more days kill the bugs, during which the bugs may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations. Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain esfenvalerate (''Onslaught'') or lamba-cyhalothrin (Demand CS) may offer the best rapid reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs</ref> Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (''Tempo Dust;'' ''Drione'') as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>
===Laundering===
===Laundering===