Changes

Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA. <ref>Linda Moulton Howe, Invasion of “Super Bed Bugs” in America'', Earthfiles.com</ref> /

Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA. <ref>Linda Moulton Howe, Invasion of “Super Bed Bugs” in America'', Earthfiles.com</ref> /

===Natural  insecticides===

====Natural  insecticides====

Natural  insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration.  Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially  when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>

Natural  insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration.  Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially  when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>

====Pesticide resistance====

=====Pesticide resistance=====

Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.  

Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.