Romanization
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Romanization refers to the transliteration or transcription of a non-Latin word into Latin letters. This may be done so that speakers familiar with the Roman alphabet may pronounce a word, or so that the word may be typed into certain computer systems (in some cases, email addresses and world-wide web URLs must be typed in ASCII).
For Japanese words, this process is called romaji. The primary systems of romanization include Hepburn, Nihon-shiki, and Kunrei-shiki.