Conservapedia

Changes

World History Study Guide from 1648 (view source)

Revision as of 17:15, April 11, 2019

3,434 bytes added ,  17:15, April 11, 2019
the -> its per suggestion
Line 6: Line 6:  
|Christian population  
 
|Christian population  
 
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33%, or approximately 2.2 billion, of the world today   
 
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33%, or approximately 2.2 billion, of the world today   
 +
|-
 +
|Age of Revolution
 +
|1763-1848: the time period during which nations rebelled against monarchies and attempted to replace them with republican/constitutional governments. 
 +
|-
 +
|Bill of Rights in England
 +
|1689: passed by the British Parliament and agreed to by William and Mary, the English Bill of Rights stated that the monarchy could not deny citizens the right to petition, infringe on freedom of speech in Parliament, suspend a law created by Parliament, or impose taxes without Parliament's consent.
 +
|-
 +
|Joint Sovereigns
 +
|Sovereigns who share power equally, as opposed to one person who holds all of the monarchial authority. An example is the joint sovereignty of William and Mary, who ruled England together from 1689 to 1694 (William ruled alone until 1702, after Mary died).
 +
|-
 +
|Estates of France
 +
|the social rankings that led to the French Revolution: the First Estate was clergy, only 1% of population but in control of 10% of the land; the Second Estate was the nobility, only 2% of the population but in control of 20% of the land; and the Third Estate was the peasants, laborers and merchants, which was 97% of the population.
 +
|-
 +
|Simón Bolívar
 +
|Known as "el Gran Libertador," or the Great Liberator, Bolívar fought for the independence of South America, including the countries of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina. He was born in Caracas on July 24, 1783 and was educated in political philosophies in Europe during his youth. Bolívar died on December 17, 1830.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Winston Churchill]]
 +
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] during World War II (1940-1945), and again from 1951 to 1955. A fabulous writer and inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).
 +
|-
 +
|[[European Union]]
 +
|1993-today: an economic and legal partnership among 28 nations in [[Europe]]. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the euro.  It has a common court system that can order a member nation to change its laws. Its roots began as a free trade area (1958), known as the Common Market, which became a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Reconquista
 
|Reconquista
−
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
+
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control, after the Islamic takeover of the peninsula in 1711-18.  This is the only territory taken back by Christianity from Islam.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Siege of Vienna
 
|Siege of Vienna
Line 14: Line 35:  
|-
 
|-
 
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
 
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
−
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
+
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army; some say that the "9/11" attack in 2001 which destroyed the World Trade Center towers was timed for this anniversary
 +
|-
 +
|[[Dunkirk]]
 +
|1940: the harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, from where more than 300,000 British, French and Belgian soldiers were miraculously rescued by a ragtag assembly of boats, big and small, and taken back to England amid constant bombing by Germany during World War II; Winston Churchill called this success the "miracle of Dunkirk."
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Forbidden City]]
 
|[[Forbidden City]]
Line 20: Line 44:  
|-
 
|-
 
|slave trade
 
|slave trade
−
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
+
|(1455-1800s) In England, slave trade was ended in 1807 by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
 
|-
 
|-
 
|King Henry VIII
 
|King Henry VIII
Line 38: Line 62:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
 
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
−
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
+
|1600s-1700s: weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, the Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Age of Exploration]]
 
|[[Age of Exploration]]
Line 47: Line 71:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
 
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
−
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
+
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled non-Christians (Muslims and Jews) from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Prince Henry the Navigator
 
|Prince Henry the Navigator
Line 56: Line 80:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
 
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
−
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
+
|(1451-1506) a phenomenal navigator and Italian explorer who was funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
+
|Columbian Exchange
−
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
+
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Treaty of Tordesillas
 
|Treaty of Tordesillas
Line 101: Line 125:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Philip II
 
|Philip II
−
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
+
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain and a descendant of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty navy the Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
 
|-
 
|-
 
|William of Orange
 
|William of Orange
Line 107: Line 131:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[England]]
 
|[[England]]
−
|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
+
|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but, due to its atheism and socialism, is much weaker than the U.S. today
 
|-
 
|-
 
|mercantilism
 
|mercantilism
−
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
+
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulated gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured in the mother country and exported for profit
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Queen Elizabeth  
 
|Queen Elizabeth  
−
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
+
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; the State of Virginia was named in her honor
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[James Stuart]]
 
|[[James Stuart]]
Line 128: Line 152:  
|-
 
|-
 
|King James Bible
 
|King James Bible
−
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
+
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which was so influential that it improved the English language itself
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
 
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
 
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
 
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
−
|-
  −
|William and Mary
  −
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
   
|-
 
|-
 
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”  
 
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”  
Line 155: Line 176:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Seven Years’ War
 
|Seven Years’ War
−
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
+
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, fighting over part of Eastern Europe.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here).  Britain won due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|American Revolution  
 
|American Revolution  
−
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
+
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; Americans won with the help of the French; the Treaty of Paris (1783) resulted
 
|-
 
|-
 
|George Washington
 
|George Washington
−
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797
+
|(1732-1799) Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; presided over Constitutional Convention to draft the Constitution; first President of the United States (1789-1797); voluntarily gave up power after two terms
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Isaac Newton]]
 
|[[Isaac Newton]]
Line 170: Line 191:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[The Enlightenment]]
 
|[[The Enlightenment]]
−
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
+
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot
 
|-
 
|-
 
|William Blackstone
 
|William Blackstone
Line 188: Line 209:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Voltaire]]
 
|[[Voltaire]]
−
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed
+
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom, and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[monarch]]  
 
|[[monarch]]  
Line 197: Line 218:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[capitalism]]  
 
|[[capitalism]]  
−
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
+
|the American system based on private ownership of property to give maximum incentives to people and businesses to be productive; capitalism is the opposite of socialism
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
 
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
Line 209: Line 230:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Rasputin]]
 
|[[Rasputin]]
−
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
+
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916 (a year before the Communist Revolution)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
 
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
Line 221: Line 242:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
 
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
−
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
+
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, later used in physics
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[balance of power]]
 
|[[balance of power]]
Line 227: Line 248:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
 
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
−
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
+
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government based on limitations in power
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[David Hume]]
 
|[[David Hume]]
Line 233: Line 254:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Declaration of Independence  
 
|Declaration of Independence  
−
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
+
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people to break their "social contract" with a king when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Edmund Burke
 
|Edmund Burke
−
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
+
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the misguided French Revolution while others were praising it
 
|-
 
|-
 
|The Federalist Papers  
 
|The Federalist Papers  
−
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
+
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly (and anonymously) by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Immanuel Kant  
 
|Immanuel Kant  
−
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
+
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it would be a disaster if everyone littered); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Industrial Revolution
 
|Industrial Revolution
−
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
+
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by a shift from farming to factories and the use of power-driven machines, such as the steam engine
 
|-
 
|-
 
|James Clerk Maxwell
 
|James Clerk Maxwell
−
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
+
|(1831-1879) the greatest physicist of the 1800s, Maxwell was a devout Christian from Scotland who developed the modern unified electromagnetic theory.  The "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Johann Sebastian Bach
 
|Johann Sebastian Bach
Line 254: Line 275:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Louis Pasteur
 
|Louis Pasteur
−
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
+
|(1822–95) the greatest chemist in history, this Frenchman was a devout Christian who founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Matthew Perry]]
 
|[[Matthew Perry]]
Line 260: Line 281:  
|-
 
|-
 
|steamboat
 
|steamboat
−
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline
+
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution, which was powered by a steam engine with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Economies of scale
+
|economies of scale
−
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
+
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its average costs due to improved efficiency, as big Wal-Mart stores do today.  The Industrial Revolution benefited from economies of scale
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Enclosure movement
+
|enclosure movement
 
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
 
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
 
|-
 
|-
Line 275: Line 296:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Victor Hugo
 
|Victor Hugo
−
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
+
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics "Cromwell" (1827), "The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris" (1831) and "Les Miserables" (1862)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
 
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
Line 281: Line 302:  
|-
 
|-
 
|French Revolution
 
|French Revolution
−
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
+
|began in 1789 by opening Bastille prison and freeing all its prisoners, and ended in 1794 with the killing of Robespierre.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Bastille Day]]
 
|[[Bastille Day]]
−
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
+
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing the prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
 
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
Line 293: Line 314:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
 
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
−
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread  
+
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread. She was killed too.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Reign of Terror]]
 
|[[Reign of Terror]]
−
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
+
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Napoleon]]
 
|[[Napoleon]]
−
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
+
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe.  He was ultimately defeated by British and Prussian armies at the Battle of Waterloo
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
 
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
Line 326: Line 347:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[United Kingdom]]
 
|[[United Kingdom]]
−
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
+
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland." (Northern Ireland is on the island of Ireland, but is not part of the country of Ireland.)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Luddites]]
 
|[[Luddites]]
−
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
+
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes caused by the Industrial Revolution
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
 
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
Line 338: Line 359:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Prussia
 
|Prussia
−
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
+
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe, in the area where Germany is located today
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''The Communist Manifesto''
 
|''The Communist Manifesto''
−
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
+
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and China and other nations have since then
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Sun Yixian
 
|Sun Yixian
 
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
 
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
 +
|(1748-1832) the person who invented "utilitarianism", which abandons morality and instead looks to see if the benefits of something outweigh its costs.  Under utilitarianism, punishing an innocent man is acceptable if it has greater benefits (such as discouraging crime).
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
 
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
Line 350: Line 374:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[utilitarianism]]
 
|[[utilitarianism]]
−
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
+
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and improved by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
 
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
Line 398: Line 422:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Charles Darwin]]
 
|[[Charles Darwin]]
−
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
+
|(1809-1882) English atheist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Charles Dickens]]
 
|[[Charles Dickens]]
Line 431: Line 455:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Communism]]
 
|[[Communism]]
−
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
+
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which requires everyone to be equally poor and discourages people from working hard
−
|-
  −
|[[Central Powers]]
  −
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Allies]]
 
|[[Allies]]
 
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
 
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[The Axis]]
+
|[[Central Powers]]
−
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
+
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Great War]]
 
|[[Great War]]
−
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
+
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace on Germany which were so unreasonable that they led to World War II
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Schlieffen Plan
 
|Schlieffen Plan
Line 449: Line 470:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Entrenchment
 
|Entrenchment
−
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.   
+
|the first year-and-a-half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
 
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
Line 455: Line 476:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[U-boat]]
 
|[[U-boat]]
−
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
+
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and destroy British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
 
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
Line 461: Line 482:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Lusitania]]
 
|[[Lusitania]]
−
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
+
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I in 1917.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
 
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
−
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
+
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties and nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
 
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
Line 473: Line 494:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
 
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
−
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
+
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted its Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
 
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
−
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
+
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian czars; Lenin led the violent Bolsheviks and then ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Bolsheviks
 
|Bolsheviks
−
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
+
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group that caused a violent revolution, as opposed to the more peaceful Mensheviks who sought gradual change to communism
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Expressionism]]
 
|[[Expressionism]]
Line 488: Line 509:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
 
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
−
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
+
|from 1861 to 1878, he was the king of Italy - its first king in more than 1000 years.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Il Duce]]
 
|[[Il Duce]]
−
|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
+
|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini from about 1920 to 1943
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Nazi]]
 
|[[Nazi]]
Line 503: Line 524:  
|-
 
|-
 
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
 
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
−
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
+
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in Africa in 1935-1936.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Mussolini]]
 
|[[Mussolini]]
−
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
+
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back. Later Mussolini was allied with Hitler during WWII, although Mussolini had a low opinion of Hitler.
−
|-
   
|-
 
|-
 
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
 
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
−
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
+
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France - the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland by using tanks and air power to destroy the resistance.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Enigma]]
 
|[[Enigma]]
−
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
+
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 and shared it with the Allies (France and England, and then the United States).  The Germans did not know that their secret code had been broken.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
 
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
−
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
+
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia (and later, the U.S.); the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
 
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
−
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
+
|began on Sept. 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
 +
|-
 +
|[[The Axis]]
 +
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
 
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
−
|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
+
|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, when he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[blitzkrieg]]
 
|[[blitzkrieg]]
Line 528: Line 551:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[The Holocaust]]
 
|[[The Holocaust]]
−
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
+
|Germany blamed Jews for its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews (and millions of Christians too).  Poland was the location of the most Nazi concentration camps.  Most of the victims of the Holocaust were Polish (both Jewish and Christian).
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
 
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
Line 534: Line 557:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Manhattan Project]]
 
|[[Manhattan Project]]
−
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
+
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began developing an atomic bomb
 
|-
 
|-
 
|D-Day
 
|D-Day
Line 540: Line 563:  
|-
 
|-
 
|George Patton
 
|George Patton
−
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
+
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were.  His aggressive style caused far more casualties in the enemy than suffered by his troops.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Big Bang]]
 
|[[Big Bang]]
−
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
+
|1927: a scientific theory developed by a Catholic priest, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique, sudden creation rather than having existed forever as other scientists claimed
 
|-
 
|-
 
|quantum mechanics
 
|quantum mechanics
Line 555: Line 578:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Easter Rising  
 
|Easter Rising  
−
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
+
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; Britain suppressed this and executed its leaders
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Irish Republic
 
|Irish Republic
Line 567: Line 590:  
|-
 
|-
 
|globalism
 
|globalism
−
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
+
|the opposite of “nationalism”, “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[Gandhi]]
+
|Mahatma [[Gandhi]]
−
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
+
|spiritual Hindu leader who achieved independence for India from Britain in 1947 by emphasizing peaceful civil disobedience
 
|-
 
|-
 
|free trade
 
|free trade
Line 576: Line 599:  
|-
 
|-
 
|GATT
 
|GATT
−
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
+
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first prohibiting increases in tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and by later reducing the tariffs
 
|-
 
|-
 
|World Trade Organization
 
|World Trade Organization
Line 597: Line 620:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
 
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
−
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
+
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil high by reducing competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market, and keeps the price of gas expensive.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Berlin Wall
 
|Berlin Wall
Line 603: Line 626:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
 
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
−
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
+
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress then declared war on Japan and entered WWII.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
+
|''[[Korematsu v. United States]]''
 
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
 
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
 
|-
 
|-
Line 618: Line 641:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
 
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
−
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
+
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, and pressure from President Lyndon Johnson as he sought to be reelected, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute for a formal declaration of war.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vietnam War
 
|Vietnam War
Line 637: Line 660:  
|Israel
 
|Israel
 
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey  
 
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey  
−
|-
  −
|David Ben-Gurion
  −
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
   
|-
 
|-
 
|Arab-Israeli wars
 
|Arab-Israeli wars
−
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
+
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|Six-Day War
 
|Six-Day War
Line 654: Line 674:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Camp David Accords
 
|Camp David Accords
−
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
+
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian control.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Yasser Arafat
 
|Yasser Arafat
−
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.   
+
|founded the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
|intifada
 
|intifada
−
|1987:  PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
+
|in general, "intifada" is a Muslim term that refers generally to an unorganized uprising, which can include violence; more specifically, "intifada" refers to a campaign by the Muslim PLO from 1987 to 1993 against Israelis.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Declaration of Principles
 
|Declaration of Principles
Line 666: Line 686:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Benjamin Netanyahu
 
|Benjamin Netanyahu
−
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
+
|a conservative leader in Israel who has been its Prime Minister since 2009
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Mikhail Gorbachev
 
|Mikhail Gorbachev
Line 678: Line 698:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Commonwealth of Independent States
 
|Commonwealth of Independent States
−
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
+
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and the nation of Georgia (no connection with the American state of Georgia)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Chechnya
 
|Chechnya
Line 684: Line 704:  
|-
 
|-
 
|John Paul II
 
|John Paul II
−
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland  
+
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland, promising to return to Poland to fight against the Soviet Union if it invaded
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Lech Walesa
 
|Lech Walesa
−
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
+
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party "Solidarity" to power once free elections were held in April 1989 as communism fell apart
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Hungary
 
|Hungary
−
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
+
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians eventually overthrew communism in October 1989
 
|-
 
|-
 
|East Germany
 
|East Germany
−
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
+
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people then tore the wall completely down
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Czechoslovakia
 
|Czechoslovakia
−
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
+
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989. In 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Romania
 
|Romania
Line 702: Line 722:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Nicolae Ceausescu
 
|Nicolae Ceausescu
−
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
+
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike all other  communist dictators, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion.  In the 1990s, many Americans went to Romania to adopt children.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Yugoslavia
 
|Yugoslavia
Line 714: Line 734:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
 
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
−
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
+
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advanced technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Chairman Mao Zedong
 
|Chairman Mao Zedong
−
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
+
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who had been successful
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Tiananmen Square
 
|Tiananmen Square
Line 723: Line 743:  
|-
 
|-
 
|Hong Kong
 
|Hong Kong
−
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
+
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalist for another 50 years
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9-11
 
|9-11
−
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.  
+
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, which then collapsed, flew a third plane into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Arab Spring]]
 +
|2010-present: Muslims overthrowing governments in [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Libya]], after which Islamic control was complete and persecution of Christians increased.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Modern Era  
 
|Modern Era  
−
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
+
|two meanings: either since 1789 (The French Revolution), or since 1900
 
|}
 
|}
   Line 741: Line 764:  
|[[British Royal Air Force]]
 
|[[British Royal Air Force]]
 
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
 
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s  technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Manchuria]]
 +
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Standing army]]
 +
|an Army in peacetime, and a sign of a nation's military strength
 +
|-
 +
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
 +
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great, as were the British and French casualties.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
 +
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
 +
|-
 +
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
 +
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
 
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
 
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
 
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
−
|-
  −
|[[Dunkirk]]
  −
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
 
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
Line 757: Line 792:  
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
 
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
 
|-     
 
|-     
−
|[[Guillotine]]
  −
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
  −
|-
   
|[[Franz Kafka]]
 
|[[Franz Kafka]]
 
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).  
 
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).  
Line 765: Line 797:  
|[[National Security Agency]]
 
|[[National Security Agency]]
 
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
 
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
−
|-
  −
|[[Manchuria]]
  −
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
 
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
 
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
 
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
−
|-
  −
|[[Standing army]]
  −
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Automobile]]
 
|[[Automobile]]
Line 780: Line 806:  
|[[Henry Ford]]
 
|[[Henry Ford]]
 
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
 
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
−
|-
  −
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
  −
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
 
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
Line 796: Line 819:  
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
 
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet.  These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[Cotton]]
+
|[[cotton]]
 
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
 
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
 +
|-
 +
|David Ben-Gurion
 +
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[slavery]]
 
|[[slavery]]
Line 819: Line 845:  
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
 
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
 
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
 
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
−
|-
  −
|Columbian Exchange
  −
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses.  America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
 
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
−
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism. 
+
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.
−
|-
  −
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
  −
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
  −
|-
  −
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
  −
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Communist League]]
 
|[[Communist League]]
Line 837: Line 854:  
|[[Robert Owen]]
 
|[[Robert Owen]]
 
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
 
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
−
|-
  −
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
  −
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Charles Fourier]]
 
|[[Charles Fourier]]
Line 863: Line 877:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Francis Bacon]]
 
|[[Francis Bacon]]
−
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.  It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
+
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation.  Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
 
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
Line 926: Line 940:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[President Truman]]
 
|[[President Truman]]
−
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.  
+
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in early 1945. Ordered the dropping of the atom bomb on Japan. Caved into Joseph Stalin's demands for Stalin to take control of Eastern Europe.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Hiroshima]]
 
|[[Hiroshima]]
Line 938: Line 952:  
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Erwin Rommel]]
 
|[[Erwin Rommel]]
−
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.
+
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Was aware of an attempt to assassinate Hitler, and because Rommel did not warn Hitler, Rommel was then forced to die himself.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Stalingrad]]
 
|[[Stalingrad]]
Line 945: Line 959:  
|[[Yalta]]
 
|[[Yalta]]
 
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
 
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
−
|-
  −
|[[Winston Churchill]]
  −
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).
  −
|-
  −
|[[European Union]]
  −
|Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.
   
|-
 
|-
 
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]
 
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]
Aschlafly
Anthony, Irenaeus, Siteadmin, apieditor, Bureaucrats, Check users, nsAm_Govt_101RO, nsAm_Govt_101RW, nsAm_Govt_101_ta, nsJudgesRO, nsJudgesRW, nsJudges_talkRO, nsJudges_talkRW, nsTeam2RO, nsTeam2RW, nsTeam2_talkRO, nsTeam2_talkRW, oversight, Administrators
126,564

edits

Retrieved from "https://www.conservapedia.com/Special:MobileDiff/1034473...1514848"