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The '''Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis''' (or theory) makes an attempt to explain the origin and development of the [[Solar system]] within the framwork of [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]]. In 1775, the famous German Philosopher and forerunner of [[evolutionism]], [[Immanuel Kant]]<ref name="Rohacek"/>, although highly versed in neither [[physics]] nor [[mathematics]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311496/Kant-Laplace-nebular-hypothesis |accessdate=12 July 2015 |quote=}}</ref>, anonymously published his views on origin of Earth, later coined as nebular hypothesis. There in he advanced his belief that hard particles of matter collided with one another by gravitational attraction, and generated heat and rotation in this process.<ref>{{cite web  

The '''Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis''' (sometimes referred to also as 'theory') makes an attempt to explain the origin and development of the [[Solar system]] within the framework of [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]]. In 1775, the famous German Philosopher and forerunner of [[evolutionism]], [[Immanuel Kant]]<ref name="Rohacek"/>, although highly versed in neither [[physics]] nor [[mathematics]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311496/Kant-Laplace-nebular-hypothesis |accessdate=12 July 2015 |quote=}}</ref>, anonymously published his views on origin of Earth, later coined as nebular hypothesis. There in he advanced his belief that hard particles of matter collided with one another by gravitational attraction, and generated heat and rotation in this process.<ref>{{cite web  

|title= Origin of the Earth: The Gaseous Theory Of Kant  

|title= Origin of the Earth: The Gaseous Theory Of Kant  

|publisher= Paniroti.com

|publisher= Paniroti.com

|date=31 July 2013  

|date=31 July 2013  

|url=http://paniroti.com/immanuel-kant/origin-of-the-earth/ |quote= The famous German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant who anonymously published his views in 1755 was the real profounder of the nebular hypothesis. Kant introduced the Newtonian law of gravitation in his theory. He believed that the hard particles of supernaturally created matter collided with one another by gravitational attraction, and generated heat and rotation in this process. In this way the original static and cold matter was converted into a nebula (cast hot gaseous mass) rotating with such great rapidity that strong centrifugal force was created about equatorial plane. This led to the throwing off of successive gings of matter. The rings condensed into planets. What remained of the original nebula became the sun. The planets underwent similar spinning and threw off rings, which became their satellites.

|url=http://paniroti.com/immanuel-kant/origin-of-the-earth/ |quote= The famous German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant who anonymously published his views in 1755 was the real profounder of the nebular hypothesis. Kant introduced the Newtonian law of gravitation in his theory. He believed that the hard particles of supernaturally created matter collided with one another by gravitational attraction, and generated heat and rotation in this process. In this way the original static and cold matter was converted into a nebula (cast hot gaseous mass) rotating with such great rapidity that strong centrifugal force was created about equatorial plane. This led to the throwing off of successive gings of matter. The rings condensed into planets. What remained of the original nebula became the sun. The planets underwent similar spinning and threw off rings, which became their satellites.

|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> Kant’s central idea that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles was further developed and articulated by French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1796 book ''Système du monde'' ("The System of the World"). In his modification, he let the planets to be formed before the Sun. The Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis was effectively falsified by discoveries related to the [[Uranus]].<ref name="Rohacek">{{cite book

|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> Kant’s central idea that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles was further developed and articulated by French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1796 book ''Système du monde'' ("The System of the World"). In his modification, he let the planets to be formed before the Sun. Although first the telescopic discovery of 'gas nebulas' in space by the great English observational astronomer William Hershel was interpreted as persuasive evidence for the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis<ref name="Larson">{{cite book

|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC}}</ref>, later it was effectively falsified by discoveries related to the [[Uranus]].<ref name="Rohacek">{{cite book

|author=Jozef Rohacek

|author=Jozef Rohacek

|title=Evolucionizmus vo svetle pravdy alebo čo má každý vzdelaný človek vedieť o evolucionizme (Evolutionism in the light of truth or what should every literate person know about evolutionism)

|title=Evolucionizmus vo svetle pravdy alebo čo má každý vzdelaný človek vedieť o evolucionizme (Evolutionism in the light of truth or what should every literate person know about evolutionism)

|language=Slovak}}</ref> This planet is tilted on its side in such a way, that its axis lies nearly in level with its path around the sun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts About Uranus  |url=http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/facts-about-uranus-3487.html |accessdate=July 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Solar System Exploration: Uranus and Moons |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=422 |publiihser=NASA |accessdate=July 12, 2015}}</ref> Uranus spins clockwise, or in a retrograde fashion, about its north pole, which is opposite to the prograde spin of Earth and most of the other planets.<ref>{{cite web |title= Uranus |publisher=www.enacademic.com |url=http://universalium.academic.ru/226966/Uranus#sel=  |accessdate=July 12, 2015 |quote= Uranus The planet is estimated to rotate about every 17 hours around an unusual axis that is almost parallel to the ecliptic; from Earth it appears to spin on its side.  Because Uranus's spin axis is not perfectly parallel to the ecliptic, one of its poles is directed above the eclipticand the other below it. (The terms above and below refer to the same sides of the ecliptic as Earth's North and South poles, respectively.) According to international convention, the north pole of a planet is defined as the pole that is above the ecliptic regardless of the direction in which the planet is spinning. In terms of this definition,Uranus spins clockwise, or in a retrograde fashion, about its north pole, which is opposite to the prograde spin of Earth and most of the other planets.  

|language=Slovak}}</ref> This planet is tilted on its side in such a way, that its axis lies nearly in level with its path around the sun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts About Uranus  |url=http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/facts-about-uranus-3487.html |accessdate=July 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Solar System Exploration: Uranus and Moons |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=422 |publiihser=NASA |accessdate=July 12, 2015}}</ref> Uranus spins clockwise, or in a retrograde fashion, about its north pole, which is opposite to the prograde spin of Earth and most of the other planets.<ref>{{cite web |title= Uranus |publisher=www.enacademic.com |url=http://universalium.academic.ru/226966/Uranus#sel=  |accessdate=July 12, 2015 |quote= Uranus The planet is estimated to rotate about every 17 hours around an unusual axis that is almost parallel to the ecliptic; from Earth it appears to spin on its side.  Because Uranus's spin axis is not perfectly parallel to the ecliptic, one of its poles is directed above the eclipticand the other below it. (The terms above and below refer to the same sides of the ecliptic as Earth's North and South poles, respectively.) According to international convention, the north pole of a planet is defined as the pole that is above the ecliptic regardless of the direction in which the planet is spinning. In terms of this definition,Uranus spins clockwise, or in a retrograde fashion, about its north pole, which is opposite to the prograde spin of Earth and most of the other planets.  

When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, the north pole was in darkness, and the Sun was almost directly overhead at the south pole. In 42 years, or one-half the Uranian year, the Sun will havemoved to a position nearly overhead at the north pole. The prevailing theory is that the severe tilt arose during thefinal stages of planetary accretion when bodies comparable in size to the present planets collided in a series of violent events that knocked Uranus on its side. An alternate theory is that a Mars-sized moon, orbiting Uranus in a direction opposite to the planet's spin, eventually crashed into the planet and knocked it on its side.

When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, the north pole was in darkness, and the Sun was almost directly overhead at the south pole. In 42 years, or one-half the Uranian year, the Sun will havemoved to a position nearly overhead at the north pole. The prevailing theory is that the severe tilt arose during thefinal stages of planetary accretion when bodies comparable in size to the present planets collided in a series of violent events that knocked Uranus on its side. An alternate theory is that a Mars-sized moon, orbiting Uranus in a direction opposite to the planet's spin, eventually crashed into the planet and knocked it on its side.

   Uranus's rotation period of 17.24 hours was inferred when Voyager 2 detected radio wave emissions with thatperiod coming from charged particles trapped in the planet's magnetic field. Subsequent direct measurements ofthe field showed that it is tilted at an angle of 58.6° relative to the rotation axis and that it turns with the same 17.24-hour period.}}</ref> This makes assumptions on the common direction of rotational motion of all planets coming from parental spinning disk hardly maintainable. Hypothesis was also criticised by British physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] <ref>{{cite web |title=James Clerk Maxwell Revolutionary Contributions to Electromagnetism and the Kinetic Theory of Gases |publisher=Electro.Patent-Invent.com |url=http://www.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/james_maxwell.html |accessdate=12 July 2015 |quote=Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae: Maxwell published in 1859 his outstanding essay, On the Stability of Saturn's Rings, in which he concluded that Saturn rings could not be completely solid or fluid. Maxwell showed that the rings' stability could be achieved only on the condition that the rings consisted a large number of small solid particles. In this essay he also disproved mathematically the nebular hypothesis of his time which stated that the solar system was formed through the condensation of a purely gaseous nebula without any solid particles present. For this, Maxwell was awarded the Adams prize the same year in Cambridge.}}</ref> and British mathematician and astrophysicist James Jeans.<ref name="CMIonNebula"/>  

   Uranus's rotation period of 17.24 hours was inferred when Voyager 2 detected radio wave emissions with thatperiod coming from charged particles trapped in the planet's magnetic field. Subsequent direct measurements ofthe field showed that it is tilted at an angle of 58.6° relative to the rotation axis and that it turns with the same 17.24-hour period.}}</ref> This makes assumptions on the common direction of rotational motion of all planets coming from parental spinning disk hardly maintainable. Hypothesis was also criticised by British physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] <ref name="Maxwell">{{cite web |title=James Clerk Maxwell Revolutionary Contributions to Electromagnetism and the Kinetic Theory of Gases |publisher=Electro.Patent-Invent.com |url=http://www.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/james_maxwell.html |accessdate=12 July 2015 |quote=Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae: Maxwell published in 1859 his outstanding essay, On the Stability of Saturn's Rings, in which he concluded that Saturn rings could not be completely solid or fluid. Maxwell showed that the rings' stability could be achieved only on the condition that the rings consisted a large number of small solid particles. In this essay he also disproved mathematically the nebular hypothesis of his time which stated that the solar system was formed through the condensation of a purely gaseous nebula without any solid particles present. For this, Maxwell was awarded the Adams prize the same year in Cambridge.}}</ref> and British mathematician and astrophysicist James Jeans.<ref name="CMIonNebula"/> Maxwell was awarded the Adams prize in Cambridge for his outstanding 1859 essay ''"On the Stability of Saturn's Rings"'', where he i.a. mathematically disproved the nebular hypothesis of his time which stated that the solar system was formed through the condensation of a purely gaseous nebula without any solid particles present.<ref name="Maxwell"/> Jeans calculated how massive a cloud must be so that gravity can overcome the tendency for gas to expand and found out that no star could have formed this way.<ref name="CMIonNebula"/>

Kant’s cosmology was just an introit, an introduction to his anthropology that was within the framework of evolutionary theory at center of his attention.<ref name="Rohacek"/>

 

Kant’s cosmology was just an introit, an introduction to his anthropology that was at center of his attention.<ref name="Rohacek"/>

[[Jonathan Sarfati]] points out that for materialistic [[evolutionists|evolutionists]] who reject a [[Creator]]'' a priori'', the failed nebular hypothesis is still the leading candidate to fulfill their need to come up with another explanation than one [[Revelation|revealed]] in the [[Genesis]].<ref name="CMIonNebula">{{cite web |title=Solar system origin: Nebular hypothesis |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=CMI |url=http://creation.com/nebular-hypothesis

[[Jonathan Sarfati]] points out that for materialistic [[evolutionists|evolutionists]] who reject a [[Creator]]'' a priori'', the failed nebular hypothesis is still the leading candidate to fulfill their need to come up with another explanation than one [[Revelation|revealed]] in the [[Genesis]].<ref name="CMIonNebula">{{cite web |title=Solar system origin: Nebular hypothesis |author=Jonathan Sarfati |publisher=CMI |url=http://creation.com/nebular-hypothesis

|quote=evolutionists reject a Creator a priori, so need to come up with another explanation. The leading candidate is called the nebular hypothesis. |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>

|quote=evolutionists reject a Creator a priori, so need to come up with another explanation. The leading candidate is called the nebular hypothesis. |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Brief description==

==Brief description==

The version of this theory from 1923 can be summarized as follows<ref>{{cite book |title= GEOLOGIA pre ôsmu triedu gymnázií, reálnych a reform. reál. gymnázií |author= Antonín Prchlík |publisher= Česká grafická Unie |year=1923 |url= http://www.databazeknih.cz/knihy/geologia-pre-smu-triedu-gymnazii-realnych-a-reform-real-gymnazii-141941 }}</ref>:

The version of this theory from 1923 can be summarized as follows<ref>{{cite book |title= GEOLOGIA pre ôsmu triedu gymnázií, reálnych a reform. reál. gymnázií |author= Antonín Prchlík |publisher= Česká grafická Unie |year=1923 |url= http://www.databazeknih.cz/knihy/geologia-pre-smu-triedu-gymnazii-realnych-a-reform-real-gymnazii-141941 |language=Czech, Slovak}}</ref>:

Under the nebular hypothesis, the whole Solar system originally consisted of nebular cloud of dust and very thin gases in the spherical shape. The radius of this hot ball exceeded the distance between the center of present-day Sun and orbit of Neptune. By means of mutual gravitational attraction, the dispersed particles have been accreted thus part of them coalesced to form a core around which the remaining ones began a rotational motion from west to east associated with the formation of spheroid flattened on both poles. At the same time, the primordial solar nebula advanced through space in the same direction as the present-day Sun and radiated vast volumes of heat causing its own cooling and contracting in this process. The contraction speeded up the rotational motion resulting in even bigger flattening on the poles and accretion of matter at equatorial plane. On the contrary, rotation with such great rapidity developed strong centrifugal force that has gradually overcome the gravitational attraction. This led to the successive throwing off the outermost matter from equatorial disk in the form of rings which, having heterogeneously diffused materials in line with their densities reassembled as spheres. This process created Neptune, and, after him, remaining planets successively originated the same way, keeping revolving in concentric orbits, in the same direction and almost on the same plane as primordial parental nebular disk. The theory assumes that small [[asteroid]]s between inner and outer planets came most likely from separated rings that disintegrated into multiple chunks.  Finally, the residual core of the ancestral solar nebula condensed to a degree that rendered further divisions of material rings impossible; it remained hot and gaseous to present day – this is our [[Sun]].  

Under the nebular hypothesis, the whole Solar system originally consisted of nebular cloud of dust and very thin gases in the spherical shape. The radius of this hot ball exceeded the distance between the center of present-day Sun and orbit of Neptune. By means of mutual gravitational attraction, the dispersed particles have been accreted thus part of them coalesced to form a core around which the remaining ones began a rotational motion from west to east associated with the formation of spheroid flattened on both poles. At the same time, the primordial solar nebula advanced through space in the same direction as the present-day Sun and radiated vast volumes of heat causing its own cooling and contracting in this process. The contraction speeded up the rotational motion resulting in even bigger flattening on the poles and accretion of matter at equatorial plane. On the contrary, rotation with such great rapidity developed strong centrifugal force that has gradually overcome the gravitational attraction. This led to the successive throwing off the outermost matter from equatorial disk in the form of rings which, having heterogeneously diffused materials in line with their densities reassembled as spheres. This process created Neptune, and, after him, remaining planets successively originated the same way, keeping revolving in concentric orbits, in the same direction and almost on the same plane as primordial parental nebular disk. The theory assumes that small [[asteroid]]s between inner and outer planets came most likely from separated rings that disintegrated into multiple chunks.  Finally, the residual core of the ancestral solar nebula condensed to a degree that rendered further divisions of material rings impossible; it remained hot and gaseous to present day – this is our [[Sun]].