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The ending of the Thirty Years War was an event closely linked to that year's significant domestic unrest. The outbreak of the [[Fronde]] (1648–53) in August was only one manifestation of rising dissatisfaction with the royal government over such issues as taxation and a perceived unwillingness to conclude peace. Much of this dissatisfaction was focused on Cardinal Mazarin. There was a close linkage in France at this time between international and domestic events, and Mazarin was highly conscious of this and sought to use it to his advantage. Whatever the value of his policies, in 1648 Mazarin was relatively unsuccessful politically in that he was often faulted for what went wrong and denied credit for what went right.
The ending of the Thirty Years War was an event closely linked to that year's significant domestic unrest. The outbreak of the [[Fronde]] (1648–53) in August was only one manifestation of rising dissatisfaction with the royal government over such issues as taxation and a perceived unwillingness to conclude peace. Much of this dissatisfaction was focused on Cardinal Mazarin. There was a close linkage in France at this time between international and domestic events, and Mazarin was highly conscious of this and sought to use it to his advantage. Whatever the value of his policies, in 1648 Mazarin was relatively unsuccessful politically in that he was often faulted for what went wrong and denied credit for what went right.
The Fronde (1848–53) was most serious challenge to the French crown's authority between the 16th-century religious wars and the French revolution of 1789. After the Frondeurs had been defeated Mazarin devoted himself to the training of the young king, Louis XIV. Louis showed respect for his mentor by postponing his personal rule until Mazarin died on March 9, 1661.
The Fronde (1848–53) was most serious challenge to the French crown's authority between the 16th century religious wars and the French revolution of 1789. After the Frondeurs had been defeated Mazarin devoted himself to the training of the young king, Louis XIV. Louis showed respect for his mentor by postponing his personal rule until Mazarin died on March 9, 1661.
==Arts==
==Arts==
Mazarin was a leading promoter of the arts. He was an avid art collector, founded the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture (1648), introduced Italian opera at court, and established an important library in Paris.
Mazarin was a leading promoter of the arts. He was an avid art collector, founded the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture (1648), introduced Italian opera at court, and established an important library in Paris.
* ''Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age Of Louis XIV'' (1908), old, solid articles by scholars; [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1 complete text online]
* ''Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age Of Louis XIV'' (1908), old, solid articles by scholars; [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1 complete text online]
* Croxton, Derek. ''Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648.'' (1999) 397 pp.
* Croxton, Derek. ''Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648.'' (1999) 397 pp.
* Dunlop, Ian. ''Louis XIV'' (2000), 512pp [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Ian-Dunlop/dp/0312261969/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Dunlop, Ian. ''Louis XIV'' (2000), 512pp [https://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Ian-Dunlop/dp/0312261969/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Parrott, David. ''Richelieu's Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642'' (2001).
* Parrott, David. ''Richelieu's Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642'' (2001).
* Shennan, J. H. ''Louis XIV'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/108828773 online edition]
* Shennan, J. H. ''Louis XIV'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/108828773 online edition]
* Sturdy, David J. ''Richelieu and Mazarin: A Study in Statesmanship'' (2003) 198pp [http://www.amazon.com/Richelieu-Mazarin-Statesmanship-European-Perspective/dp/033375400X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212579309&sr=1-2excerpt and text search]
* Sturdy, David J. ''Richelieu and Mazarin: A Study in Statesmanship'' (2003) 198pp [https://www.amazon.com/Richelieu-Mazarin-Statesmanship-European-Perspective/dp/033375400X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212579309&sr=1-2excerpt and text search]
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Mazarin: The Crisis of Absolutism in France.'' (1996). 413 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Mazarin-Crisis-Absolutism-Geoffr-Treasure/dp/0415162114/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212579309&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Mazarin: The Crisis of Absolutism in France.'' (1996). 413 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Mazarin-Crisis-Absolutism-Geoffr-Treasure/dp/0415162114/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212579309&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Richelieu and Mazarin'' (1998) 96pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/richelieu-and-mazarin-by-geoffrey-treasure.jsp online edition]
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Richelieu and Mazarin'' (1998) 96pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/richelieu-and-mazarin-by-geoffrey-treasure.jsp online edition]
* Wilkinson, Richard. "Cardinal Mazarin." ''History Today''1996 46(4): 39-45. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Wilkinson, Richard. "Cardinal Mazarin." ''History Today''1996 46(4): 39–45. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Wolf, John B. ''Louis XIV'' (1968), the standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/read/103250721 online edition]
* Wolf, John B. ''Louis XIV'' (1968), the standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/read/103250721 online edition]
[[Category:Cardinals]]
[[Category:Cardinals]]
[[Category:French History]]
[[Category:French History]]