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The most prominent Scalawag in Mississippi was [[James Lusk Alcorn]]. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1865 but, like all southerners, was not allowed to take a seat while Congress was pondering Reconstruction. He supported suffrage for Freedmen and endorsed the [[Fourteenth Amendment]], as demanded by the Republicans in Congress.  Alcorn became the leader of the Scalawags, who comprised about a third of the Republicans in the state. He was elected by the Republicans as governor in 1869 and served from 1870 to 1871. As a modernizer he appointed many like-minded former Whigs, even if they were Democrats. He strongly supported education, including public schools for blacks only, and a new college for them, now known as Alcorn State University. He maneuvered to make his ally [[Hiram Revels]] its president. Radical Republicans opposed Alcorn and were angry at his patronage policy. One complained that Alcorn's policy was to see "the old civilization of the South ''modernized''" rather than lead a total political, social and economic revolution.<ref>Quoted in Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction'' (1988) p 298.</ref>

The most prominent Scalawag in Mississippi was [[James Lusk Alcorn]]. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1865 but, like all southerners, was not allowed to take a seat while Congress was pondering Reconstruction. He supported suffrage for Freedmen and endorsed the [[Fourteenth Amendment]], as demanded by the Republicans in Congress.  Alcorn became the leader of the Scalawags, who comprised about a third of the Republicans in the state. He was elected by the Republicans as governor in 1869 and served from 1870 to 1871. As a modernizer he appointed many like-minded former Whigs, even if they were Democrats. He strongly supported education, including public schools for blacks only, and a new college for them, now known as Alcorn State University. He maneuvered to make his ally [[Hiram Revels]] its president. Radical Republicans opposed Alcorn and were angry at his patronage policy. One complained that Alcorn's policy was to see "the old civilization of the South ''modernized''" rather than lead a total political, social and economic revolution.<ref>Quoted in Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction'' (1988) p 298.</ref>

Alcorn resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator (1871-1877), replacing his ally Hiram Revels, the first African American senator. Senator Alcorn urged the removal of the political disabilities of whites southerners and rejected [[Radical Republican]] proposals to enforce social equality by federal legislation<ref>(''Congressional Globe'', 42 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 246-47</ref> he denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery <ref>Ibid., pp. 2730-33</ref> and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi. Although a former slaveholder, he characterized slavery as ''a cancer upon the body of the Nation'' and expressed the gratification which he and many other Southerners felt over its destruction.<ref>Ibid., p. 3424</ref>

Alcorn resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator (1871-1877), replacing his ally Hiram Revels, the first African American senator. Senator Alcorn urged the removal of the political disabilities of whites southerners and rejected [[Radical Republican]] proposals to enforce social equality by federal legislation<ref>''Congressional Globe'', 42 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 246-47</ref> he denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery <ref>Ibid., pp. 2730-33</ref> and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi. Although a former slaveholder, he characterized slavery as ''a cancer upon the body of the Nation'' and expressed the gratification which he and many other Southerners felt over its destruction.<ref>Ibid., p. 3424</ref>

Alcorn led a furious political battle with Senator [[Adelbert Ames]], the carpetbagger who led the other faction of the Republican Party in Mississippi. The fight ripped apart the party, with most blacks supporting Ames, but many&mdash;including Revels, supporting Alcorn. In 1873, they both sought a decision by running for governor. Ames was supported by the Radicals and most African Americans, while Alcorn won the votes of conservative whites and most of the scalawags. Ames won by a vote of 69,870 to 50,490, and Alcorn retired from state politics.<ref>Pereyra 1966</ref>

Alcorn led a furious political battle with Senator [[Adelbert Ames]], the carpetbagger who led the other faction of the Republican Party in Mississippi. The fight ripped apart the party, with most blacks supporting Ames, but many&mdash;including Revels, supporting Alcorn. In 1873, they both sought a decision by running for governor. Ames was supported by the Radicals and most African Americans, while Alcorn won the votes of conservative whites and most of the scalawags. Ames won by a vote of 69,870 to 50,490, and Alcorn retired from state politics.<ref>Pereyra 1966</ref>

Republicans succeeded in creating a much more representative and responsive government than any the state had seen before or would see for generations. During its heyday the party began to attract more and wealthier white South Carolinians. Nevertheless, these years also saw disturbing trends toward factionalism and corruption within southern Republican governments, trends in which scalawags took part. These failings led to the abandonment of southern Republicans by the federal government, allowing southern Democrats to overthrow the state government by force. After Reconstruction most scalawags saw continuing political involvement as futile, but some remained as prominent Republicans well into the twentieth century.<ref>Rubin (2006)</ref>

Republicans succeeded in creating a much more representative and responsive government than any the state had seen before or would see for generations. During its heyday the party began to attract more and wealthier white South Carolinians. Nevertheless, these years also saw disturbing trends toward factionalism and corruption within southern Republican governments, trends in which scalawags took part. These failings led to the abandonment of southern Republicans by the federal government, allowing southern Democrats to overthrow the state government by force. After Reconstruction most scalawags saw continuing political involvement as futile, but some remained as prominent Republicans well into the twentieth century.<ref>Rubin (2006)</ref>

===Texas===

===Texas===

John L. Haynes (1821–88) was a Texas politician and writer who dissented with many of the typical Southern views of the time. From the late 1850's through the 1880's, Haynes won notoriety as a protector of Mexican Americans, an opponent of secession, a Union army officer, a supporter of freedmen's rights, and a Republican "scalawag." The unifying theme in Haynes's life was his consistent opposition to the dominance of Texas politics and society by a minority of conservative, Democratic, and Anglo planters. He was a Southern dissenter by principle, not merely expedience.<ref>James Marten, "John L. Haynes: a Southern Dissenter in Texas." ''Southern Studies'' 1990 1(3): 257-279. Issn: 0735-8342</ref>

John L. Haynes (1821–88) was a Texas politician and writer who dissented with many of the typical Southern views of the time. From the late 1850s through the 1880s, Haynes won notoriety as a protector of Mexican Americans, an opponent of secession, a Union army officer, a supporter of freedmen's rights, and a Republican "scalawag." The unifying theme in Haynes's life was his consistent opposition to the dominance of Texas politics and society by a minority of conservative, Democratic, and Anglo planters. He was a Southern dissenter by principle, not merely expedience.<ref>James Marten, "John L. Haynes: a Southern Dissenter in Texas." ''Southern Studies'' 1990 1(3): 257-279. Issn: 0735-8342</ref>

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