Changes

==Revolutionary, to 1911==

==Revolutionary, to 1911==

After 1894 Sun Yat-sen increasingly became a revolutionary, in touch with anti-imperial elements throughout the Chinese diaspora. In 1894 he petitioned the Manchu viceroy Li Hung-chang (1823-1901) for a program of modernization but he was ignored. Sun's comprehensive plan for saving China drew upon many influences in his life - Christianity, Western learning, and the success of modernization in [[Japan]], Hong Kong, and Hawaii. When his program was rejected, he felt he had no alternative but to become a professional revolutionary. In 1895, after the Chinese defeat in the [[Sino-Japanese War|First Sino-Japanese war]], Sun Yat-sen attempted his first revolution in Guangzhou: This was the first of his ten failed attempts. He escaped to Japan where he took the name Nakayama Shō (Japanese: 中山樵). He traveled widely in Asia, Europe and the U.S., preaching revolt and modernity, raising funds and recruiting followers. Several of his most ambitious revolts were staged with foreign assistance, one from Japanese-controlled [[Taiwan]] and one from French-controlled [[Indochina]]. The stunning [[Russo-Japanese War|triumph of Japan over Russia]] in 1905 energized his movement. In [[Tokyo]], he appealed to the many Chinese students and organized his Tóngménghuì (Chinese: 中國同盟會; Wade-Giles: T'ung-meng-hui), or Combined League Society, in 1905. The overthrow of the Qing Dynasty overshadowed all other goals and tended to obscure the multiple goals within the movement. With a formal organization behind him he redoubled his fund-raising and propaganda campaigns.  Hawaiian Chinese, particularly those in the Hilo region, contributed tens of thousands of dollars via small cash donations, the purchase of bonds, or  the purchase of gold banknotes.  Although a professed socialist, he worked well with capitalists and raised funds by promising businessmen  future economic concessions.<ref>Allen F. Damon, "Financing Revolution: Sun Yat-sen and the Overthrow of the Ch'ing Dynasty." ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 1991 25: 161-186. Issn: 0440-5145</ref>

After 1894 Sun Yat-sen increasingly became a revolutionary, in touch with anti-imperial elements throughout the Chinese diaspora. In 1894 he petitioned the Manchu viceroy Li Hung-chang (1823-1901) for a program of modernization but he was ignored. Sun's comprehensive plan for saving China drew upon many influences in his life - Christianity, Western learning, and the success of modernization in [[Japan]], Hong Kong, and Hawaii. When his program was rejected, he felt he had no alternative but to become a professional revolutionary. In 1895, after the Chinese defeat in the [[Sino-Japanese War|First Sino-Japanese war]], Sun Yat-sen attempted his first revolution in Guangzhou: This was the first of his ten failed attempts. He escaped to Japan where he took the name Nakayama Shō (Japanese: 中山樵). He traveled widely in Asia, Europe and the U.S., preaching revolt and modernity, raising funds and recruiting followers. Several of his most ambitious revolts were staged with foreign assistance, one from Japanese-controlled [[Taiwan]] and one from French-controlled [[Indochina]]. The stunning [[Russo-Japanese War|triumph of Japan over Russia]] in 1905 energized his movement. In [[Tokyo]], he appealed to the many Chinese students and organized his Tóngménghuì (Chinese: 中國同盟會; Wade–Giles: T'ung-meng-hui), or Combined League Society, in 1905. The overthrow of the Qing Dynasty overshadowed all other goals and tended to obscure the multiple goals within the movement. With a formal organization behind him he redoubled his fund-raising and propaganda campaigns.  Hawaiian Chinese, particularly those in the Hilo region, contributed tens of thousands of dollars via small cash donations, the purchase of bonds, or  the purchase of gold banknotes.  Although a professed socialist, he worked well with capitalists and raised funds by promising businessmen  future economic concessions.<ref>Allen F. Damon, "Financing Revolution: Sun Yat-sen and the Overthrow of the Ch'ing Dynasty." ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 1991 25: 161-186. Issn: 0440-5145</ref>

One important collaborator was [[Huang Xing|Huáng Xīng]] (Chinese: 黄兴; Wade-Giles:Huang Hsing) (1874-1916), who in 1912 merged Sun's Tongmenghui (United League of China), into the new [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), or National People's Party. The two men formed a strong team. Sun provided ideas, funding and  external contacts, while Huang was the man of action who served the Republic as Minister of War in 1912-14.

One important collaborator was [[Huang Xing|Huáng Xīng]] (Chinese: 黄兴; Wade–Giles:Huang Hsing) (1874-1916), who in 1912 merged Sun's Tongmenghui (United League of China), into the new [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), or National People's Party. The two men formed a strong team. Sun provided ideas, funding and  external contacts, while Huang was the man of action who served the Republic as Minister of War in 1912-14.

On October 10, 1911, while Sun Yat-sen was in the United States, revolutionaries in [[Hankou]] staged a tentative revolt, known as the [[Wuchang Uprising]], when unexpectedly imperial units joined them. Suddenly all of China realized the incompetent and unpopular Qing dynasty was rapidly collapsing.  Sun Yat-sen returned to a hero's welcome and was immediately appointed provisional president of the new Chinese Republic. However he was never good at political bargaining and feared the power of imperial army's norther commander [[Yuan Shih-kai]]. In return for Yuan's support of the revolution and Yuan's orcestration of the Emperors abdication Sun Yat-sen resigned the office of President in Yüan's favor and took a planning post in which he formulated ambitious programs for rail and industrial development. Sun remained leader or the KMT party which held majority control in the new government. China's new republican leaders bickered endlessly and Yuan&mdash;who wanted the imperial throne himself&mdash;bypassed the constitution, granting himself additional powers and used force (and international financial aid) to crush liberal parliamentarianism. Sun tried to oust Yuan by fermenting a [[Chinese Second Revolution|second revolution]] in 1913. It failed and Sun again fled to Japan, along with other KMT party members, where his fortunes were at their nadir for years.

On October 10, 1911, while Sun Yat-sen was in the United States, revolutionaries in [[Hankou]] staged a tentative revolt, known as the [[Wuchang Uprising]], when unexpectedly imperial units joined them. Suddenly all of China realized the incompetent and unpopular Qing dynasty was rapidly collapsing.  Sun Yat-sen returned to a hero's welcome and was immediately appointed provisional president of the new Chinese Republic. However he was never good at political bargaining and feared the power of imperial army's norther commander [[Yuan Shih-kai]]. In return for Yuan's support of the revolution and Yuan's orcestration of the Emperors abdication Sun Yat-sen resigned the office of President in Yüan's favor and took a planning post in which he formulated ambitious programs for rail and industrial development. Sun remained leader or the KMT party which held majority control in the new government. China's new republican leaders bickered endlessly and Yuan&mdash;who wanted the imperial throne himself&mdash;bypassed the constitution, granting himself additional powers and used force (and international financial aid) to crush liberal parliamentarianism. Sun tried to oust Yuan by fermenting a [[Chinese Second Revolution|second revolution]] in 1913. It failed and Sun again fled to Japan, along with other KMT party members, where his fortunes were at their nadir for years.

Yuan Shi-kai died suddenly in 1916, and power fell to local military leaders who made themselves regional war lords. China had no effective national government from 1916 to 1927. Sun Yat-sen tried to collaborate with Chen Chiungming, the war lord in Guangzhou, seeking a new base of power there. Sun was ambivalent toward the student-led [[May Fouth Movement]] of 1919.  Sun's return to China in 1919 and the re-assumption of revolutionary activities found him somewhat outdated. Youthful radicals no longer flocked to him, and some of his ideas were antiquated. Sun recognized the need for adjustments and a solid basis of support. Therefore he he added his own ideas to those of the May Fourth Movement and borrowed from the movement in return.  As a result his attacks on the [[Versailles Treaty]] gained attention, and Sun's denunciation of Western imperialism as the cause of China's malaise was widely accepted and gradually Sun regained stature as spokesman of the new Chinese nationalism that moved students, professionals and cosmopolitan Chinese in the coastal cities.  

Yuan Shi-kai died suddenly in 1916, and power fell to local military leaders who made themselves regional war lords. China had no effective national government from 1916 to 1927. Sun Yat-sen tried to collaborate with Chen Chiungming, the war lord in Guangzhou, seeking a new base of power there. Sun was ambivalent toward the student-led [[May Fouth Movement]] of 1919.  Sun's return to China in 1919 and the re-assumption of revolutionary activities found him somewhat outdated. Youthful radicals no longer flocked to him, and some of his ideas were antiquated. Sun recognized the need for adjustments and a solid basis of support. Therefore, he added his own ideas to those of the May Fourth Movement and borrowed from the movement in return.  As a result, his attacks on the [[Versailles Treaty]] gained attention, and Sun's denunciation of Western imperialism as the cause of China's malaise was widely accepted and gradually Sun regained stature as spokesman of the new Chinese nationalism that moved students, professionals and cosmopolitan Chinese in the coastal cities.  

In 1922, failing to outmaneuver the Guangzhou militarists, Sun fled to Shanghai. There he met the [[Comintern]] agent Adolf A. Joffe, who had been sent by [[Lenin]] to seek possible allies for Soviet policy. They reached an understanding in 1923 whereby Sun Yat-sen received Soviet support for a [[First United Front|United Front]] between his nationalist Kuomintang of China pary and the Communist Pary of China. However, Sun did not endorse Communism.  Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin helped reorganize the KMT on the lines of "[[democratic centralism]]" familiar in Communist parties, with leadership securely in the hands of a small group.  Fighting forces were equipped and trained, and Chinese Communists&mdash;who were encouraged to joined the Kuomintang as part of the United Front agreement&mdash;did their part in propaganda and organization to prepare for the military drive by KMT's army leader  [[Chiang Kai-shek]] that was to make a [[Northern Expedition]] drive out the warlords.  Late in 1924 Sun travelled to North China for a last effort at negotiation with the Beiyang warlord's government which had acquired some international recognition. However Sun Yat-sen became ill and died in Beijing on March 12, 1925.

In 1922, failing to outmaneuver the Guangzhou militarists, Sun fled to Shanghai. There he met the [[Comintern]] agent Adolf A. Joffe, who had been sent by [[Lenin]] to seek possible allies for Soviet policy. They reached an understanding in 1923 whereby Sun Yat-sen received Soviet support for a [[First United Front|United Front]] between his nationalist Kuomintang of China party and the Communist Party of China. However, Sun did not endorse Communism.  Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin helped reorganize the KMT on the lines of "[[democratic centralism]]" familiar in Communist parties, with leadership securely in the hands of a small group.  Fighting forces were equipped and trained, and Chinese Communists&mdash;who were encouraged to joined the Kuomintang as part of the United Front agreement&mdash;did their part in propaganda and organization to prepare for the military drive by KMT's army leader  [[Chiang Kai-shek]] that was to make a [[Northern Expedition]] drive out the warlords.  Late in 1924 Sun travelled to North China for a last effort at negotiation with the Beiyang warlord's government which had acquired some international recognition. However Sun Yat-sen became ill and died in Beijing on March 12, 1925.

==Three Principles==

==Three Principles==

Sun was the foremost advocate of land reform in modern China. He called for "maximization of land use," particularly with the idea of averting famine by increasing agricultural production. He emphasized rapid mechanization, the adoption of scientific techniques (especially chemical fertilizer), solving the problems of flood control and pest eradication, the promotion of domestic industry and farm credit, and improvements in storage and transportation. His emphasis on land utilization was primarily economic and technical.<ref>Chan Lien, "Sun Yat-sen on Land Utilization." ''Agricultural History'' 1968 42(4): 297-303. Issn: 0002-1482</ref>

Sun was the foremost advocate of land reform in modern China. He called for "maximization of land use," particularly with the idea of averting famine by increasing agricultural production. He emphasized rapid mechanization, the adoption of scientific techniques (especially chemical fertilizer), solving the problems of flood control and pest eradication, the promotion of domestic industry and farm credit, and improvements in storage and transportation. His emphasis on land utilization was primarily economic and technical.<ref>Chan Lien, "Sun Yat-sen on Land Utilization." ''Agricultural History'' 1968 42(4): 297-303. Issn: 0002-1482</ref>

    

    

Though a supporter of female education and an opponent of [[foot-binding|footbinding]], Sun was unwilling to work for female suffrage against the wishes of his more conservative male supporters. Thus when the Tongmeng Hui merged with other parties to become the KMT , Sun accepted the exclusion of female members of the Tongmeng Hui from the new party and to ignore, at least temporarily, the issue of women's rights.<ref>Yu-ning Li, "Sun Yat-sen and Women's Transformation." ''Chinese Studies in History'' 1988 21(4): 58-78. Issn: 0009-4633</ref>

Though a supporter of female education and an opponent of [[foot-binding|footbinding]], Sun was unwilling to work for female suffrage against the wishes of his more conservative male supporters. Thus when the Tongmeng Hui merged with other parties to become the KMT, Sun accepted the exclusion of female members of the Tongmeng Hui from the new party and to ignore, at least temporarily, the issue of women's rights.<ref>Yu-ning Li, "Sun Yat-sen and Women's Transformation." ''Chinese Studies in History'' 1988 21(4): 58-78. Issn: 0009-4633</ref>

==Image and reputation==

==Image and reputation==