Changes

===Birth control===

===Birth control===

Margaret Sanger and Otto Bobsein coined the term "[[birth control]]".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&pg=PA97 Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NysSmD9t9o4C&pg=PA289 The Pivot of Civilization in Historical Perspective: The Birth Control Classic]</ref>  Before she returned to the States, Sanger was offered a position on the executive committee of the National Birth Control League (NBCL), the first birth control organization in the United States.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CojUQpSS6wC&pg=PA90 Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger]</ref>  The NBCL was founded in 1915 by Mary Ware Dennett, Jessie Ashley, and Clara Gruening Stillman.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCErAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108 Once Upon a Pedestal]</ref>

Margaret Sanger and Otto Bobsein coined the term "[[birth control]]".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&pg=PA97 Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NysSmD9t9o4C&pg=PA289 The Pivot of Civilization in Historical Perspective: The Birth Control Classic]</ref>  Before she returned to the States, Sanger was offered a position on the executive committee of the National Birth Control League (NBCL), the first birth control organization in the United States.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CojUQpSS6wC&pg=PA90 Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger]</ref>  The NBCL was founded in 1915 by Mary Ware Dennett, Jessie Ashley, and Clara Gruening Stillman.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCErAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108 Once Upon a Pedestal]</ref>

In 1917, Sanger established the magazine [[Birth Control Review]].  In 1921, she founded the organization for which she would become most widely known - the American Birth Control League (ABCL).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ru3qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 Social Issues in America: An Encyclopedia]</ref>  Two years later, she founded the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PY6YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media and Family Planning]</ref>  In 1929, as a result of differences between other leaders of the birth control movement, Sanger resigned her leadership position within the ABCL and assumed full control of the CRB.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC&pg=PA75 The Progressive Era's Health Reform Movement: A Historical Dictionary]</ref>  At the same time, the CRB was renamed to the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB).

In 1917, Sanger established the magazine [[Birth Control Review]].  In 1921, she founded the organization for which she would become most widely known - the American Birth Control League (ABCL).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ru3qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 Social Issues in America: An Encyclopedia]</ref>  Two years later, she founded the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PY6YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media and Family Planning]</ref>  In 1929, as a result of differences between other leaders of the birth control movement, Sanger resigned her leadership position within the ABCL and assumed full control of the CRB.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC&pg=PA75 The Progressive Era's Health Reform Movement: A Historical Dictionary]</ref>  At the same time, the CRB was renamed to the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB).

In the mid-late 1920s, her husband Noah Slee began smuggling diaphragms into New York through Canada<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&pg=PA255 Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America]</ref> in boxes labeled as 3-In-One Oil.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fe7NA-b_URIC&pg=PA254 Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private]</ref>  He later became the first legal manufacturer of diaphragms in the United States.<ref>[https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/7513/9611/6635/Margaret_Sanger_Hero_1009.pdf Margaret Sanger - 20th Century Hero], p. 8, [[Planned Parenthood]]</ref>  Behind the scenes,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yngbAQAAMAAJ&dq=quietly&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=quietly The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger: Birth control comes of age, 1928-1939], p. 47, footnote 9</ref><ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/pages/projects/sanger/articles/sangers_role_in_contraceptive_technology.php Sanger's Role in the Development of Contraceptive Technologies]</ref> Margaret was a major force for the creation of the Holland-Rantos company, of which Noah Slee was a major investor.  The creation of Holland-Rantos served another purpose.  Early on in Sanger's activism, birth control items were primarily available through black market channels.  The Slee's successfully reinvented it into a successful, reputable, capitalist business.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC&pg=PA218 Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion]</ref>

In the mid-late 1920s, her husband Noah Slee began smuggling diaphragms into New York through Canada<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&pg=PA255 Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America]</ref> in boxes labeled as 3-In-One Oil.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fe7NA-b_URIC&pg=PA254 Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private]</ref>  He later became the first legal manufacturer of diaphragms in the United States.<ref>[https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/7513/9611/6635/Margaret_Sanger_Hero_1009.pdf Margaret Sanger - 20th Century Hero], p. 8, [[Planned Parenthood]]</ref>  Behind the scenes,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yngbAQAAMAAJ&dq=quietly&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=quietly The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger: Birth control comes of age, 1928-1939], p. 47, footnote 9</ref><ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/pages/projects/sanger/articles/sangers_role_in_contraceptive_technology.php Sanger's Role in the Development of Contraceptive Technologies]</ref> Margaret was a major force for the creation of the Holland-Rantos company, of which Noah Slee was a major investor.  The creation of Holland-Rantos served another purpose.  Early on in Sanger's activism, birth control items were primarily available through black market channels.  The Slee's successfully reinvented it into a successful, reputable, capitalist business.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC&pg=PA218 Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion]</ref>

Working with the Urban League in 1929,  Sanger opened up the first birth control clinic in Harlem, New York.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELIJD2ErMgwC&pg=PA298 Women and Health in America: Historical Readings]</ref>  That same year, Sanger established the ''National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control'' as a lobbying organization, in order to influence the creation and amendment of laws pertaining to abortion and birth control.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S60656aS4PAC&pg=PA55 Life, Death and the Law: Law and Christian Morals in England and the United States]</ref>  It was closed in 1937, only six months after the court case ''United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries''.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745054?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lobbying for Birth Control]</ref>

Working with the Urban League in 1929,  Sanger opened up the first birth control clinic in Harlem, New York.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELIJD2ErMgwC&pg=PA298 Women and Health in America: Historical Readings]</ref>  That same year, Sanger established the ''National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control'' as a lobbying organization, in order to influence the creation and amendment of laws pertaining to abortion and birth control.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S60656aS4PAC&pg=PA55 Life, Death and the Law: Law and Christian Morals in England and the United States]</ref>  It was closed in 1937, only six months after the court case ''United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries''.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745054?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lobbying for Birth Control]</ref>

[[Image:Sangerandgandhi.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Margaret Sanger and [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]]]

[[Image:Sangerandgandhi.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Margaret Sanger and [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]]]

In 1936, Sanger met with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] while on a visit to India.<ref name=GandhiDebate>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ldfPVpnItXAC&pg=PA279 The Cultural Construction of Sexuality]</ref>  During their debate, Gandhi surprised her by rejecting her arguments.  Gandhi was of the belief that love becomes lust if it is for the purpose of satisfaction.  For Gandhi, men should endeavor to rise above animality and carnal satisfaction.  He opposed artificial birth control and preached abstinence.<ref name=GandhiDebate />

In 1936, Sanger met with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] while on a visit to India.<ref name=GandhiDebate>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ldfPVpnItXAC&pg=PA279 The Cultural Construction of Sexuality]</ref>  During their debate, Gandhi surprised her by rejecting her arguments.  Gandhi was of the belief that love becomes lust if it is for the purpose of satisfaction.  For Gandhi, men should endeavor to rise above animality and carnal satisfaction.  He opposed artificial birth control and preached abstinence.<ref name=GandhiDebate />

During her tenure as leader of the birth control movement, Sanger was very adept at gaining the support of wealthy donors.  In 1924 and again in 1925, John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to the ABCL.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R53MDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT243 Cannot Be Silenced]</ref>  Others she frequently associated with were Mary Lasker, who became wealthy from her husband's advertisements in the tobacco industry; Clarence Gamble, heir to the Procter and Gamble company;<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC&pg=PA251 Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion]</ref> and Katherine McCormick, heir to the McCormick fortune.

During her tenure as leader of the birth control movement, Sanger was very adept at gaining the support of wealthy donors.  In 1924 and again in 1925, John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to the ABCL.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R53MDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT243 Cannot Be Silenced]</ref>  Others she frequently associated with were Mary Lasker, who became wealthy from her husband's advertisements in the tobacco industry; Clarence Gamble, heir to the Procter and Gamble company;<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC&pg=PA251 Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion]</ref> and Katherine McCormick, heir to the McCormick fortune.

After the resolution of differences a decade earlier, the BCCRB and the ABCL merged in 1938 to form the short-lived Birth Control Federation of America.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC&pg=PA743 Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1]</ref>  The organization changed it's name to Planned Parenthood in 1942.

After the resolution of differences a decade earlier, the BCCRB and the ABCL merged in 1938 to form the short-lived Birth Control Federation of America.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-3J_3pDNZlkC&pg=PA743 Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1]</ref>  The organization changed it's name to Planned Parenthood in 1942.

<blockquote>It irks my very soul and all that is Irish in me to acquiesce to the appeasement group that is so prevalent in our beloved organization.</blockquote>

<blockquote>It irks my very soul and all that is Irish in me to acquiesce to the appeasement group that is so prevalent in our beloved organization.</blockquote>

She believed that some people should be 100% barred from procreation of any kind, rather than limited encouragement that could produce the wrong kind of people, if, albeit, less of them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aNn_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue], See footnote 49</ref>  She said as much, in a video that surfaced in 2014 from a 1947 ''One Minute News'' interview she was in with John Parsons of British Pathé.  In the footage, she called for a 10 year ban on babies, insisting that it is both practical and humane.<ref>[http://liveactionnews.org/shocking-new-footage-found-of-planned-parenthood-founder-margaret-sanger-saying-no-more-babies/ Shocking new footage found of Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger saying "no more babies"], [[Live Action]]</ref><ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1947/07/04/page/9/article/ban-on-babies-is-all-wet-cry-angry-britons Ban on Babies is All Wet, Cry Angry Britons], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChCjgYGTL4Y "No More Babies!" - Expert Calls For Ban on Childbirth (1947)], British Pathé</ref>  She again made similar comments in 1957 in an interview with Mike Wallace of ABC.  Wallace asked her if she believed in the existence of sin and her response was that "I think the greatest sin in the world is bringing children into the world" - and after a few second uncomfortable pause she said "that have disease from their parents, that have no chance in the world to be a human being practically.  Delinquents, prisoners, all sorts of things, just marked when they’re born. That, to me, is the greatest sin that people can commit."<ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/zachary-leshin/planned-parenthood-founder-margaret-sanger-greatest-sin-world-bringing Planned Parenthood Founder: 'Greatest Sin...is Bringing Children Into the World That Have Disease'], [[CNSNews.com]]</ref>

She believed that some people should be 100% barred from procreation of any kind, rather than limited encouragement that could produce the wrong kind of people, if, albeit, less of them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aNn_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue], See footnote 49</ref>  She said as much, in a video that surfaced in 2014 from a 1947 ''One Minute News'' interview she was in with John Parsons of British Pathé.  In the footage, she called for a 10 year ban on babies, insisting that it is both practical and humane.<ref>[http://liveactionnews.org/shocking-new-footage-found-of-planned-parenthood-founder-margaret-sanger-saying-no-more-babies/ Shocking new footage found of Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger saying "no more babies"], [[Live Action]]</ref><ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1947/07/04/page/9/article/ban-on-babies-is-all-wet-cry-angry-britons Ban on Babies is All Wet, Cry Angry Britons], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChCjgYGTL4Y "No More Babies!" - Expert Calls For Ban on Childbirth (1947)], British Pathé</ref>  She again made similar comments in 1957 in an interview with Mike Wallace of ABC.  Wallace asked her if she believed in the existence of sin and her response was that "I think the greatest sin in the world is bringing children into the world" - and after a few second uncomfortable pause she said "that have disease from their parents, that have no chance in the world to be a human being practically.  Delinquents, prisoners, all sorts of things, just marked when they’re born. That, to me, is the greatest sin that people can commit."<ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/zachary-leshin/planned-parenthood-founder-margaret-sanger-greatest-sin-world-bringing Planned Parenthood Founder: 'Greatest Sin...is Bringing Children Into the World That Have Disease'], [[CNSNews.com]]</ref>

During the 1950's, Sanger worked with Katharine McCormick to fund the research being conducted by Gregory Pincus to develop [[The pill]].  A few years later, Enovid was the first birth control formulation submitted for [[FDA]] approval.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html Timeline: The Pill], [[PBS]]</ref>

During the 1950's, Sanger worked with Katharine McCormick to fund the research being conducted by Gregory Pincus to develop [[The pill]].  A few years later, Enovid was the first birth control formulation submitted for [[FDA]] approval.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html Timeline: The Pill], [[PBS]]</ref>

Over time, Sanger increasingly wanted to work on an international level.  Sanger worked to spread her work in Japan, through her contact with Shidzue Katō.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NeeeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR28 Facing Two Ways: The Story of My Life]</ref>  She made an impact in China, working with [[Pearl Buck]] to establish a clinic in Shanghai.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=klf5rF1BlkgC&pg=PA65 Profiles in Humanity: The Battle for Peace, Freedom, Equality, and Human Rights]</ref>  And in 1953, she established in India the International Planned Parenthood Committee, which would become the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UBJWsbEHmT4C&pg=PA53 Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility]</ref>  [[C. P. Blacker]], a prominent eugenist, was the first administrative chairman of the IPPF.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaVoJemPPlAC&pg=PA122 Eugenics, Literature, and Culture in Post-war Britain]</ref>

Over time, Sanger increasingly wanted to work on an international level.  Sanger worked to spread her work in Japan, through her contact with Shidzue Katō.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NeeeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR28 Facing Two Ways: The Story of My Life]</ref>  She made an impact in China, working with [[Pearl Buck]] to establish a clinic in Shanghai.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=klf5rF1BlkgC&pg=PA65 Profiles in Humanity: The Battle for Peace, Freedom, Equality, and Human Rights]</ref>  And in 1953, she established in India the International Planned Parenthood Committee, which would become the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UBJWsbEHmT4C&pg=PA53 Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility]</ref>  [[C. P. Blacker]], a prominent eugenist, was the first administrative chairman of the IPPF.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaVoJemPPlAC&pg=PA122 Eugenics, Literature, and Culture in Post-war Britain]</ref>