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[[George Orwell]], a socialist who fought for the Soviet-backed government of Spain in the Spanish Civil War, wrote prophetically in 1936 that "Socialism, in the form in which it is now presented, appeals chiefly to unsatisfactory or even inhuman types," including, among others, "the astute young social-literary climbers who are Communists now, as they will be Fascists five years hence, because it is [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/all-the-go all the go]."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=E-ZpkC4RNfIC The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1958) ISBN 0156767503, p. 182</ref> Five years later, Hitler and Stalin were partners in the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], the joint invasion of Poland and the division of Europe; Orwell watched in despair as his former comrades supported the pact, even as Hitler launched his Blitz on London.<ref>"[T]he Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Lincolns' willingness to change their position on the antifascist struggle in order to conform to Soviet policy would forever cast a shadow on their legacy, as it would with the other elements of the Communist Left." [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor Before Pearl Harbor], World War II Letters from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives</ref>
[[George Orwell]], a socialist who fought for the Soviet-backed government of Spain in the Spanish Civil War, wrote prophetically in 1936 that "Socialism, in the form in which it is now presented, appeals chiefly to unsatisfactory or even inhuman types," including, among others, "the astute young social-literary climbers who are Communists now, as they will be Fascists five years hence, because it is [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/all-the-go all the go]."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=E-ZpkC4RNfIC The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1958) ISBN 0156767503, p. 182</ref> Five years later, Hitler and Stalin were partners in the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], the joint invasion of Poland and the division of Europe; Orwell watched in despair as his former comrades supported the pact, even as Hitler launched his Blitz on London.<ref>"[T]he Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Lincolns' willingness to change their position on the antifascist struggle in order to conform to Soviet policy would forever cast a shadow on their legacy, as it would with the other elements of the Communist Left." [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor Before Pearl Harbor], World War II Letters from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives</ref>
When Britain declared war on the Nazis, German Communist Party leader Walter Ulbricht denounced not Naziism but "English Imperialism" as “the most reactionary force in the world”:<ref>[http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1940-008.htm ''Sozialistische Mitteilungen'', No. 8] (April 18, 1940)</ref> “The [Nazi] German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English-French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union,” declared Ulbricht. “The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan.”<ref>''Die Welt'', February 1940. Cited in: Walther Hofer: Die Entfesselung des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 2007, Lit Verlag, ISBN 9783825803834; S. 224–225</ref> When France fell to the Nazi invaders, French Communist Party leaders Maurice Thorez and Jacques Duclos celebrated, declaring that "the struggle of the French people has the same aim as the struggle of [Nazi] German imperialism." During the battle of Britain, "Communists in the factories actually fomented strikes, and spread defeatist propaganda in the blitzed areas of London," writes Orwell prize winning<ref>[http://theorwellprize.co.uk/shortlists/peter-hitchens/ Peter Hitchens], theorwellprize.co.uk</ref> journalist Peter Hitchens.<ref>[http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2010/07/a-final-word.html A Final Word], ''The Mail on Sunday'', July 5, 2010</ref>
When Britain declared war on the Nazis, German Communist Party leader Walter Ulbricht denounced not Naziism but "English Imperialism" as “the most reactionary force in the world”:<ref>[http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1940-008.htm ''Sozialistische Mitteilungen'', No. 8] (April 18, 1940)</ref> “The [Nazi] German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English-French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union,” declared Ulbricht. “The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan.”<ref>''Die Welt'', February 1940. Cited in: Walther Hofer: Die Entfesselung des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 2007, Lit Verlag, ISBN 9783825803834; S. 224–225</ref> When France fell to the Nazi invaders, French Communist Party leaders Maurice Thorez and Jacques Duclos exulted that "the struggle of the French people has the same aim as the struggle of [Nazi] German imperialism." During the battle of Britain, "Communists in the factories actually fomented strikes, and spread defeatist propaganda in the blitzed areas of London," writes Orwell prize winning<ref>[http://theorwellprize.co.uk/shortlists/peter-hitchens/ Peter Hitchens], theorwellprize.co.uk</ref> journalist Peter Hitchens.<ref>[http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2010/07/a-final-word.html A Final Word], ''The Mail on Sunday'', July 5, 2010</ref>
By the time the war was over, it had become impossible even to discuss the issue: “The word 'Fascism' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies ‘something not desirable’," wrote Orwell. “Since you don't know what Fascism is, how can you struggle against Fascism?”<ref>George Orwell, "[http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/english/e_polit Politics and the English Language]," ''Horizon'', vol. 13, issue 76 (April 1946), pp. 252-265, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zaxG_3ivhVAC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters, George Orwell, Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950]'' (David R. Godine, 2000) ISBN 1567921361, pp. 132, 139</ref> Particularly in the United States, the word "fascism" had become confused with the rights of private property and economic freedom, which had previously been called "liberalism";<ref>"The program of liberalism, therefore, if condensed into a single word, would have to read: property, that is, private ownership in the means of production.... All the other demands of liberalism result from this fundamental demand." Ludwig Von Mises, ''[http://mises.org/books/liberalism.pdf Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition]'' (Irvington, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education and San Francisco: Cobden Press, 1985), p. 19. It was in this sense that Mussolini wrote, "Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in the political and economic sphere" (Benito Mussolini, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GOzmAAAACAAJ The Doctrine of Fascism]'' [Firenze: Vallecchi Editore, 1935], p. 15); that cultural historian Wolfgang Schivelbusch wrote, "Italy had several years earlier begun the transition from a liberal free-market system to a state-run or corporatist one" (Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GV5_n1h04C Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939]'' [Macmillan, 2006] ISBN 080507452X, p. 22); that Nobel Prize winning economist F.A. Hayek wrote, "It was the union of the anticapitalist forces of the Right and of the Left, the fusion of radical and conservative socialism, which drove out from Germany everything that was liberal." Friedrich August Hayek, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC The Road to Serfdom]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007) ISBN 0226320553, p. 182</ref> meanwhile, the word "liberalism" had been redefined to denote the very "state-capitalist" mixed economy that characterized Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany. "As a supreme, if unintended compliment," quipped Harvard economist Joseph Schumpeter,<ref>Schumpeter "believed that capitalism would be destroyed by its successes," as it made possible the existence of "a large intellectual class that made its living by attacking the very bourgeois system of private property and freedom so necessary for the intellectual class’s existence." [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schumpeter.html Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950)], ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'' (Liberty Fund)</ref> "the enemies of the system of private enterprise have thought it wise to appropriate its label."<ref>Joseph Alois Schumpeter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=igM8E4gZ_coC History of economic analysis]'' (Psychology Press, 1994) ISBN 0415108888, p. 372</ref> This debasing of meaning, making reasoned discourse and clear thinking impossible, was precisely what Orwell was illustrating in his novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' by means of "Newspeak."<ref>Newspeak, wrote Orwell, was "devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism.... The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of IngSoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought—that is, a thought diverging from the principles of IngSoc—should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words.... All words grouping themselves round the concepts of ''liberty'' and ''equality'', for instance, were contained in the single word ''crimethink.''" The Preamble of the American [[Declaration of Independence]], according to Orwell, could not be expressed (and hence was unthinkable) in Newspeak: "The nearest one could come to doing so would be to swallow the whole passage up in the single word ''crimethink''." George Orwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-XNPiuSgL2kC Nineteen Eighty-Four]'' (Reprint: 1st World Publishing, 2004) ISBN 1595404325, pp. 372-373, 379, 386-387</ref>
By the time the war was over, it had become impossible even to discuss the issue: “The word 'Fascism' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies ‘something not desirable’," wrote Orwell. “Since you don't know what Fascism is, how can you struggle against Fascism?”<ref>George Orwell, "[http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/english/e_polit Politics and the English Language]," ''Horizon'', vol. 13, issue 76 (April 1946), pp. 252-265, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zaxG_3ivhVAC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters, George Orwell, Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950]'' (David R. Godine, 2000) ISBN 1567921361, pp. 132, 139</ref> Particularly in the United States, the word "fascism" had become confused with the rights of private property and economic freedom, which had previously been called "liberalism";<ref>"The program of liberalism, therefore, if condensed into a single word, would have to read: property, that is, private ownership in the means of production.... All the other demands of liberalism result from this fundamental demand." Ludwig Von Mises, ''[http://mises.org/books/liberalism.pdf Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition]'' (Irvington, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education and San Francisco: Cobden Press, 1985), p. 19. It was in this sense that Mussolini wrote, "Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in the political and economic sphere" (Benito Mussolini, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GOzmAAAACAAJ The Doctrine of Fascism]'' [Firenze: Vallecchi Editore, 1935], p. 15); that cultural historian Wolfgang Schivelbusch wrote, "Italy had several years earlier begun the transition from a liberal free-market system to a state-run or corporatist one" (Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GV5_n1h04C Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939]'' [Macmillan, 2006] ISBN 080507452X, p. 22); that Nobel Prize winning economist F.A. Hayek wrote, "It was the union of the anticapitalist forces of the Right and of the Left, the fusion of radical and conservative socialism, which drove out from Germany everything that was liberal." Friedrich August Hayek, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC The Road to Serfdom]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007) ISBN 0226320553, p. 182</ref> meanwhile, the word "liberalism" had been redefined to denote the very "state-capitalist" mixed economy that characterized Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany. "As a supreme, if unintended compliment," quipped Harvard economist Joseph Schumpeter,<ref>Schumpeter "believed that capitalism would be destroyed by its successes," as it made possible the existence of "a large intellectual class that made its living by attacking the very bourgeois system of private property and freedom so necessary for the intellectual class’s existence." [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schumpeter.html Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950)], ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'' (Liberty Fund)</ref> "the enemies of the system of private enterprise have thought it wise to appropriate its label."<ref>Joseph Alois Schumpeter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=igM8E4gZ_coC History of economic analysis]'' (Psychology Press, 1994) ISBN 0415108888, p. 372</ref> This debasing of meaning, making reasoned discourse and clear thinking impossible, was precisely what Orwell was illustrating in his novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' by means of "Newspeak."<ref>Newspeak, wrote Orwell, was "devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism.... The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of IngSoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought—that is, a thought diverging from the principles of IngSoc—should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words.... All words grouping themselves round the concepts of ''liberty'' and ''equality'', for instance, were contained in the single word ''crimethink.''" The Preamble of the American [[Declaration of Independence]], according to Orwell, could not be expressed (and hence was unthinkable) in Newspeak: "The nearest one could come to doing so would be to swallow the whole passage up in the single word ''crimethink''." George Orwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-XNPiuSgL2kC Nineteen Eighty-Four]'' (Reprint: 1st World Publishing, 2004) ISBN 1595404325, pp. 372-373, 379, 386-387</ref>