Changes

}}

}}

'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (April 22, 1904 - February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

Like other [[liberal]]s, Oppenheimer was not as smart as he wanted to be:  he was rejected by [[Ernest Rutherford]] as a student, and was not at the high level of [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John von Neumann]], or [[Robert Dicke]].

Like other [[liberal]]s, Oppenheimer was not as smart as he wanted to be:  he was rejected by [[Ernest Rutherford]] as a student, and was not at the high level of [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John von Neumann]], or [[Robert Dicke]].

== Scientific contributions ==

== Scientific contributions ==

Oppenheimer worked with other scientists such as [[Hans Bethe]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Willard Libby]], and [[Eugene Wigner]], who won Nobel prizes, although Oppenheimer never did.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 90</ref> Oppenheimer's best-known scientific contribution was to suggest a limit to the size of [[neutron star]]s; larger neutron stars would collapse into [[black holes]] according to the [[theory of relativity]]. But Oppenheimer is best known not for any scientific contribution, but for his managerial role as scientific director of the [[Manhattan Project]], under the supervision of project director Gen. Leslie Groves. His moment of greatest [[insight]] was when his subordinates came to him with the notion of explosive lensing. In that moment, he wheeled around the entire project toward that goal and thereby achieved the device that denoted over Nagasaki at the altitude of maximum throw weight, maximizing the damage despite the adverse whether conditions.

Oppenheimer worked with other scientists such as [[Hans Bethe]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Willard Libby]], and [[Eugene Wigner]], who won Nobel prizes, although Oppenheimer never did.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 90</ref> Oppenheimer's best-known scientific contribution was to suggest a limit to the size of [[neutron star]]s; larger neutron stars would collapse into [[black holes]] according to the [[theory of relativity]]. But Oppenheimer is best known not for any scientific contribution, but for his managerial role as scientific director of the [[Manhattan Project]], under the supervision of project director Gen. Leslie Groves. His moment of greatest [[insight]] was when his subordinates came to him with the notion of explosive lensing. At that moment, he wheeled around the entire project toward that goal and thereby achieved the device that denoted over Nagasaki at the altitude of maximum throw weight, maximizing the damage despite the adverse weather conditions.

== Personal life and Communist affiliation ==

== Personal life and Communist affiliation ==

More than a decade later, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was considering whether to renew his security clearance, Oppenheimer would change his story, writing that he did not remember saying this, that it was not true, and that if he had said anything along those lines, it was “a half-jocular overstatement.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Yet less than four months after writing this, when the AEC got Oppenheimer on the witness stand, he would again change his story: Asked, “If you said that to Colonel Lansdale, were you jocular?” Oppenheimer would admit under oath, “I don’t think I could have been jocular during this interview.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

More than a decade later, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was considering whether to renew his security clearance, Oppenheimer would change his story, writing that he did not remember saying this, that it was not true, and that if he had said anything along those lines, it was “a half-jocular overstatement.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Yet less than four months after writing this, when the AEC got Oppenheimer on the witness stand, he would again change his story: Asked, “If you said that to Colonel Lansdale, were you jocular?” Oppenheimer would admit under oath, “I don’t think I could have been jocular during this interview.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

Oppenheimer confessed, "I was associated with the Communist movement,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 110 (PDF 120)</ref> and admitted having subscribed to the Communist Party organ ''People's World''<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 8 (PDF 18)</ref> "for several years."<ref>According to the FBI, he was subscribed as early as 1938. ([[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 [PDF 236]) Asked if his subscription expired after he joined the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer said: "Since I don't know when it was, I can't answer that question." He admitted, "I think I paid for it" and "I don't believe I canceled the subscription." [[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 157 (PDF 167)</ref> Throughout the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], when many other formerly stalwart Communists dropped out of the movement in disgust, Oppenheimer was, by his own admission, active in a number of [[Communist front]]s. He admitted having been a member of the western council of the Consumers Union<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (according the FBI, he actually became a member of the Board of Counselors of this organization),<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> which was designated as subversive by the [[HUAC|Dies committee]] in 1939,<ref>Paul Gray, Tom Curry and Jane Van Tessel, "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982525,00.html Evaluating the Buyer's Bible]," ''Time'', February 20, 1995</ref> during the pact. In addition, from 1939 until at least 1942<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 158 (PDF 168)</ref> (throughout the duration of the pact), admitted Oppenheimer, he was a member of the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, which was identified by [[HUAC]] as a Communist front in 1942 and by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations as subversive and un-American the following year.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> Oppenheimer claimed not to remember sponsoring the American Friends of the Chinese People<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944),<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> but the organization listed him as a sponsor<ref>Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, California Legislature, [http://ia331325.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Un-American Activities in California, 1948: Communist Front Organizations, Fourth Report] (Sacramento, 1948), p. 144 (PDF p. 154)</ref> in 1940,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 124</ref> during the pact.

Oppenheimer confessed, "I was associated with the Communist movement,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 110 (PDF 120)</ref> and admitted having subscribed to the Communist Party organ ''People's World''<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 8 (PDF 18)</ref> "for several years."<ref>According to the FBI, he was subscribed as early as 1938. ([[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 [PDF 236]) Asked if his subscription expired after he joined the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer said: "Since I don't know when it was, I can't answer that question." He admitted, "I think I paid for it" and "I don't believe I canceled the subscription." [[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 157 (PDF 167)</ref> Throughout the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], when many other formerly stalwart Communists dropped out of the movement in disgust, Oppenheimer was, by his own admission, active in a number of [[Communist front]]s. He admitted having been a member of the western council of the Consumers Union<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (according to the FBI, he actually became a member of the Board of Counselors of this organization),<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> which was designated as subversive by the [[HUAC|Dies committee]] in 1939,<ref>Paul Gray, Tom Curry and Jane Van Tessel, "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982525,00.html Evaluating the Buyer's Bible]," ''Time'', February 20, 1995</ref> during the pact. In addition, from 1939 until at least 1942<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 158 (PDF 168)</ref> (throughout the duration of the pact), admitted Oppenheimer, he was a member of the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, which was identified by [[HUAC]] as a Communist front in 1942 and by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations as subversive and un-American the following year.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> Oppenheimer claimed not to remember sponsoring the American Friends of the Chinese People<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944),<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> but the organization listed him as a sponsor<ref>Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, California Legislature, [http://ia331325.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Un-American Activities in California, 1948: Communist Front Organizations, Fourth Report] (Sacramento, 1948), p. 144 (PDF p. 154)</ref> in 1940,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 124</ref> during the pact.

In addition, according to the FBI, Oppenheimer reportedly co-founded the Berkeley Conference for Civic Betterment (identified by the FBI as a “[[Communist front|front group]]”); was “a member of the Executive Committee of the American Civil Liberties Union, a Communist Party front group [in 1939, during the pact]”;<ref>Under threat of being listed by HUAC in the wake of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the ACLU purged any "member of any political organization which supports totalitarian dictatorship in any country, or who by his public declaration and connections indicates his support of [http://content.cdlib.org/view?query=&docId=kt396n99b3&chunk.id=d0e2699&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&brand=oac&x=0&y=0 such a principle]" (including future CPUSA Chairman Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) from its Executive Committee in 1940, although its continued front activity caused it to be listed as a Communist front by a joint committee of the California Legislature in 1943: “The American Civil Liberties Union may be definitely classed as a Communist front or ‘transmission belt’ organization.” [http://ia331324.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Communist Front Organizations], Fourth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee On Un-American Activities, California Legislature, 1948, p. 107 (PDF p. 117)</ref> a member of the Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy<ref>Oppenheimer was listed as a donor to this organization in ''People's World'', January 29, 1938, cited in [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF p. 236)</ref> (identified by [[HUAC]] in 1944 as one in a "series of Communist enterprises");<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, Annual Report, House Report 2233, June 7, 1946, p. 27; Cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 55 (PDF p. 71)</ref> a member of the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights (identified as subversive and un-American by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations in 1943, and as a Communist front by HUAC the following year);<ref>Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, Report, April 21, 1943, p. 3; Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, VV- 48 and 102; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 62 (PDF p. 78)</ref> and a donor to the Spanish Aid Committee,<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944 and as Communist by [[Harry Truman|Truman]] administration [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Clark]] in 1949.<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref>

In addition, according to the FBI, Oppenheimer reportedly co-founded the Berkeley Conference for Civic Betterment (identified by the FBI as a "[[Communist front|front group]]"); was "a member of the Executive Committee of the American Civil Liberties Union, a Communist Party front group [in 1939, during the pact]";<ref>Under threat of being listed by HUAC in the wake of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the ACLU purged any "member of any political organization which supports totalitarian dictatorship in any country, or who by his public declaration and connections indicates his support of [http://content.cdlib.org/view?query=&docId=kt396n99b3&chunk.id=d0e2699&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&brand=oac&x=0&y=0 such a principle]" (including future CPUSA Chairman Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) from its Executive Committee in 1940, although its continued front activity caused it to be listed as a Communist front by a joint committee of the California Legislature in 1943: "The American Civil Liberties Union may be definitely classed as a Communist front or 'transmission belt' organization." [http://ia331324.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Communist Front Organizations], Fourth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee On Un-American Activities, California Legislature, 1948, p. 107 (PDF p. 117)</ref> a member of the Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy<ref>Oppenheimer was listed as a donor to this organization in ''People's World'', January 29, 1938, cited in [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF p. 236)</ref> (identified by [[HUAC]] in 1944 as one in a "series of Communist enterprises");<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, Annual Report, House Report 2233, June 7, 1946, p. 27; Cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 55 (PDF p. 71)</ref> a member of the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights (identified as subversive and un-American by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations in 1943, and as a Communist front by HUAC the following year);<ref>Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, Report, April 21, 1943, p. 3; Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, VV- 48 and 102; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 62 (PDF p. 78)</ref> and a donor to the Spanish Aid Committee,<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944 and as Communist by [[Harry Truman|Truman]] administration [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Clark]] in 1949.<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref>

===Communist Party membership===

===Communist Party membership===

But Oppenheimer “was not simply a casual Popular Front liberal who ignorantly bumped up against the [[CPUSA]] in some of the areas in which it operated," according to John Earl Haynes, a Soviet espionage expert in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress:<ref>Patricia Villamil, "2009-2010 Kluge Staff Fellow," [http://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/newsletters/KlugeNewsletteFall2009.pdf ''Newsletter'', the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, Vol. 2, No. 2 (November 2009)], p. 6</ref> "He was, in fact, a concealed member of the CPUSA in the late 1930s,” write Haynes, Emory University Professor Harvey Klehr and ex-[[KGB]] agent Alexander Vassiliev.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 58</ref> “Robert Oppenheimer was a member of a so-called closed unit of the Communist Party's professional section in Berkeley, from 1938 to 1942,” agrees Gregg Herken, a former senior Historian at the Smithsonian Institution.<ref>Gregg Herken, [http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/documents.html Documents], Brotherhood of the Bomb</ref> Stanford University historian Barton Bernstein, an expert on Oppenheimer, concurs that "it seems to me far more likely than not from the amalgam of evidence that Oppenheimer was a member, at least covert, for a few years."<ref>Charles Burress, "[http://articles.sfgate.com/2004-04-23/news/17423704_1_communist-party-oppenheimer-uc-berkeley The Oppenheimer Riddle: New evidence of Communist membership debated by scholars of Berkeley scientist]," ''The San Francisco Chronicle'', April 23, 2004</ref>

But Oppenheimer “was not simply a casual Popular Front liberal who ignorantly bumped up against the [[CPUSA]] in some of the areas in which it operated," according to John Earl Haynes, a Soviet espionage expert in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress:<ref>Patricia Villamil, "2009-2010 Kluge Staff Fellow," [http://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/newsletters/KlugeNewsletteFall2009.pdf ''Newsletter'', the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, Vol. 2, No. 2 (November 2009)], p. 6</ref> "He was, in fact, a concealed member of the CPUSA in the late 1930s," writes Haynes, Emory University Professor Harvey Klehr and ex-[[KGB]] agent Alexander Vassiliev.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 58</ref> “Robert Oppenheimer was a member of a so-called closed unit of the Communist Party's professional section in Berkeley, from 1938 to 1942,” agrees Gregg Herken, a former senior Historian at the Smithsonian Institution.<ref>Gregg Herken, [http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/documents.html Documents], Brotherhood of the Bomb</ref> Stanford University historian Barton Bernstein, an expert on Oppenheimer, concurs that "it seems to me far more likely than not from the amalgam of evidence that Oppenheimer was a member, at least covert, for a few years."<ref>Charles Burress, "[http://articles.sfgate.com/2004-04-23/news/17423704_1_communist-party-oppenheimer-uc-berkeley The Oppenheimer Riddle: New evidence of Communist membership debated by scholars of Berkeley scientist]," ''The San Francisco Chronicle'', April 23, 2004</ref>

====Berkeley cell====

====Berkeley cell====

During 1938-42, throughout the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], Oppenheimer was a member at Berkeley of what he called a "discussion group,"<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> which was later identified by fellow members [[Haakon Chevalier|Chevalier]]<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress); Barbara Chevalier, "[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_2.html Robert Oppenheimer and Haakon Chevalier: From the Memoirs of Barbara Chevalier]," excerpts (brotherhoodofthebomb.com)</ref> and Gordon Griffiths<ref>Gordon Griffiths, "[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_3.html Venturing Outside the Ivory Tower: The Political Autobiography of a College Professor]," excerpts</ref> as a “closed” (secret)<ref>Jessica Mitford, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8KUEAQAAIAAJ A fine old conflict]'' (Knopf, 1977) ISBN 0394499956, p. 67</ref> unit of the Communist Party for Berkeley faculty. If Oppenheimer was not a Communist, he was the only member of this group who was not.<ref>S. S. Schweber, “[http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man A Puzzle of a Man],” ''American Scientist'', Vol. 2, No. 5 (September–October 2004)</ref>

During 1938-42, throughout the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], Oppenheimer was a member at Berkeley of what he called a "discussion group,"<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> which was later identified by fellow members [[Haakon Chevalier|Chevalier]]<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress); Barbara Chevalier, "[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_2.html Robert Oppenheimer and Haakon Chevalier: From the Memoirs of Barbara Chevalier]," excerpts (brotherhoodofthebomb.com)</ref> and Gordon Griffiths<ref>Gordon Griffiths, "[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_3.html Venturing Outside the Ivory Tower: The Political Autobiography of a College Professor]," excerpts</ref> as a “closed” (secret)<ref>Jessica Mitford, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8KUEAQAAIAAJ A fine old conflict]'' (Knopf, 1977) ISBN 0394499956, p. 67</ref> unit of the Communist Party for Berkeley faculty. If Oppenheimer was not a Communist, he was the only member of this group who was not.<ref>S. S. Schweber, “[http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man A Puzzle of a Man],” ''American Scientist'', Vol. 2, No. 5 (September–October 2004)</ref>

In addition, if he was not a Communist, Oppenheimer fooled his close friends in this small, secretive group into thinking he was. According to Chevalier, “O. had been, from 1937 to 1943, a CP member, which I knew directly.”<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 431</ref> He added that he and Oppenheimer belonged to “the same unit of the CP from 1938 to 1942.”<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 341, n. 35</ref> Griffiths, who served as the Communist Party's “liaison with the Faculty group at the University of California,” confirmed that among the “members of the communist group” at Berkeley were “[[Haakon Chevalier]] of the French Department and Robert Oppenheimer of Physics.”<ref>Gordon Griffiths' ''[http://brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_3.html Venturing Outside the Ivory Tower: The Political Autobiography of a College Professor]'' (excerpts), Brothehood of the Bomb</ref>

In addition, if he was not a Communist, Oppenheimer fooled his close friends in this small, secretive group into thinking he was. According to Chevalier, “O. had been, from 1937 to 1943, a CP member, which I knew directly.”<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 431</ref> He added that he and Oppenheimer belonged to “the same unit of the CP from 1938 to 1942.”<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 341, n. 35</ref> Griffiths, who served as the Communist Party's “liaison with the Faculty group at the University of California,” confirmed that among the “members of the communist group” at Berkeley were “[[Haakon Chevalier]] of the French Department and Robert Oppenheimer of Physics.”<ref>Gordon Griffiths' ''[http://brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/new_evidence_3.html Venturing Outside the Ivory Tower: The Political Autobiography of a College Professor]'' (excerpts), Brotherhood of the Bomb</ref>

Oppenheimer was the primary author of a report signed “College Faculties Committee, Communist Party of California,” which he also paid to have printed, said Chevalier.<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> It defended the Soviet invasion of Finland (during the Nazi-Soviet pact), calling [[President]] [[Roosevelt]] a "counter-revolutionary war-monger."<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 31-32</ref> The report contains unusual wording characteristic of Oppenheimer’s writing, suggesting that Oppenheimer might at least have "had a hand in editing a draft," according to [http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=sherwin historian] Martin J. Sherwin.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 144-145</ref> [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] physics professor emeritus (and former Oppenheimer pupil) Philip Morrison, an ex-Communist,<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 2d sess., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SB65AAAAIAAJ Subversive Influence in the Educational Process'', Parts 7-14] (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1955), p. 899</ref> confirmed that in 1939 (during the Pact) he delivered to the printers a pamphlet Oppenheimer wrote (and paid for) taking “the strict Party line in defending the Soviet invasion of Finland.”<ref>Gregg Herken, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17008 The Oppenheimer Case: An Exchange]," ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 51, No. 5 (March 25, 2004)</ref>

Oppenheimer was the primary author of a report signed “College Faculties Committee, Communist Party of California,” which he also paid to have printed, said Chevalier.<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> It defended the Soviet invasion of Finland (during the Nazi-Soviet pact), calling [[President]] [[Roosevelt]] a "counter-revolutionary war-monger."<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 31-32</ref> The report contains unusual wording characteristic of Oppenheimer’s writing, suggesting that Oppenheimer might at least have "had a hand in editing a draft," according to [http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=sherwin historian] Martin J. Sherwin.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 144-145</ref> [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] physics professor emeritus (and former Oppenheimer pupil) Philip Morrison, an ex-Communist,<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 2d sess., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SB65AAAAIAAJ Subversive Influence in the Educational Process'', Parts 7-14] (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1955), p. 899</ref> confirmed that in 1939 (during the Pact) he delivered to the printers a pamphlet Oppenheimer wrote (and paid for) taking “the strict Party line in defending the Soviet invasion of Finland.”<ref>Gregg Herken, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17008 The Oppenheimer Case: An Exchange]," ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 51, No. 5 (March 25, 2004)</ref>

====Soviet intelligence====

====Soviet intelligence====

If Oppenheimer was not a Communist, he not only convinced the Communist Party he was, he convinced Soviet intelligence itself. A 1944 report by [[NKVD]] [[San Francisco]] ''[[rezident]]'' (station chief) [[Grigory Kheifetz]]<ref>Robert L. Benson, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/coldwar/venona_story.pdf The Venona Story]'' (Fort George G. Meade, Md.: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, 2001), p. 41</ref> states: “According to 'Uncle' ([[Isaac Folkoff]]),<ref>[[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 56</ref> both brothers [Robert and Frank Oppenheimer] were associated with the fellowcountrymen,"<ref>Alexandr Vassiliev, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/White_Notebook_No.1_Translated1.pdf White Notebook #1] (tr. Steve Shabad), p. 138</ref> [[NKVD]] code name for the Communist Party.<ref>[[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 36</ref>  That year, NKVD agents [[Gaik Ovakimian]] and Andrei Graur reported to NKVD chief Boris Merkulov, identifying the code name "Chester" as "Robert Oppenheimer, b. 1906, an Amer. Jew, secret member of the fellowcountryman org., a professor at the U. of California, works on ‘En-s’,"<ref>Vassiliev Yellow Notebook #1 ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf Orig.]), PDF p. 6; ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf Trans].), p. 10. Cf. [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 45</ref> i.e., 'Enormoz,' Soviet code name for the Manhattan Project.<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 87</ref> Merkulov, reporting in turn to Soviet Commissar for Internal Affairs [[Lavrenty Beria]], identified “one of the leaders of scientific work on uranium in the USA, Professor R. Oppenheimer,” as “an unlisted [''nglastny'']<ref>Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona Schecter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ftFoAAAAMAAJ Sacred secrets: how Soviet intelligence operations changed American history]'' (Brassey's, 2002) ISBN 1574883275, p. 50</ref> member of the apparatus of Comrade [[Earl Browder|Browder]],” General Secretary of the [[CPUSA]].<ref>[http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111512 Merkulov to Beria, 2 October 1944], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> Oppenheimer is also mentioned as an unlisted member of the CPUSA in a January 7, 1946 Soviet intelligence document from the Russian Presidential Archives and Ministry of Atomic Energy.<ref>"The State of Work in the Utilization of Atomic Energy in Capitalist Countries," in "Atomic Project in the USSR, Volume II, 1938-54" (Moscow: Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia, 2000). See Jerrold and Leona Schechter, "[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-diplo&month=0210&week=c&msg=VJUrY5l1Cc7MVWpd5C6O1g&user=&pw= Clarification of Steven Aftergood's posting of August 30, 2002]," H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online, October 14, 2002</ref>

If Oppenheimer was not a Communist, he not only convinced the Communist Party he was, he convinced Soviet intelligence itself. A 1944 report by [[NKVD]] [[San Francisco]] ''[[rezident]]'' (station chief) [[Grigory Kheifetz]]<ref>Robert L. Benson, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/coldwar/venona_story.pdf The Venona Story]'' (Fort George G. Meade, Md.: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, 2001), p. 41</ref> states: “According to 'Uncle' ([[Isaac Folkoff]]),<ref>[[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 56</ref> both brothers [Robert and Frank Oppenheimer] were associated with the fellowcountrymen,"<ref>Alexandr Vassiliev, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/White_Notebook_No.1_Translated1.pdf White Notebook #1] (tr. Steve Shabad), p. 138</ref> [[NKVD]] code name for the Communist Party.<ref>[[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 36</ref>  That year, NKVD agents [[Gaik Ovakimian]] and Andrei Graur reported to NKVD chief Boris Merkulov, identifying the code name "Chester" as "Robert Oppenheimer, b. 1906, an Amer. Jew, secret member of the fellowcountryman org., a professor at the U. of California, works on ‘En-s’,"<ref>Vassiliev Yellow Notebook #1 ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf Orig.]), PDF p. 6; ([http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf Trans].), p. 10. Cf. [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 45</ref> i.e., 'Enormoz,' Soviet code name for the Manhattan Project.<ref>[[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 87</ref> Merkulov, reporting in turn to Soviet Commissar for Internal Affairs [[Lavrenty Beria]], identified “one of the leaders of scientific work on uranium in the USA, Professor R. Oppenheimer,” as “an unlisted [''nglastny'']<ref>Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona Schecter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ftFoAAAAMAAJ Sacred secrets: how Soviet intelligence operations changed American history]'' (Brassey's, 2002) ISBN 1574883275, p. 50</ref> member of the apparatus of Comrade [[Earl Browder|Browder]],” General Secretary of the [[CPUSA]].<ref>[http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111512 Merkulov to Beria, 2 October 1944], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> Oppenheimer is also mentioned as an unlisted member of the CPUSA in a January 7, 1946, Soviet intelligence document from the Russian Presidential Archives and Ministry of Atomic Energy.<ref>"The State of Work in the Utilization of Atomic Energy in Capitalist Countries," in "Atomic Project in the USSR, Volume II, 1938-54" (Moscow: Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia, 2000). See Jerrold and Leona Schechter, "[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-diplo&month=0210&week=c&msg=VJUrY5l1Cc7MVWpd5C6O1g&user=&pw= Clarification of Steven Aftergood's posting of August 30, 2002]," H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online, October 14, 2002</ref>

====Cover-up====

====Cover-up====

In April 1942 Oppenheimer's name was formally submitted for security clearance for the Manhattan Project; the following month, observed William L. Borden, executive director of the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), Oppenheimer "either stopped contributing funds to the Communist Party or else made his contributions through a new channel not yet discovered."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 837 (PDF 849)</ref> Oppenheimer "appears to have dropped out of the party in early 1942,” write Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 58</ref> According to Jerrold L. Schecter, spokesman for the National Security Administration in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, “Robert Oppenheimer’s long time membership in the Communist Party of the United States was made secret in 1942.”<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=43900&group_id=13349 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref>

In April 1942 Oppenheimer's name was formally submitted for security clearance for the Manhattan Project; the following month, observed William L. Borden, executive director of the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), Oppenheimer "either stopped contributing funds to the Communist Party or else made his contributions through a new channel not yet discovered."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 837 (PDF 849)</ref> Oppenheimer "appears to have dropped out of the party in early 1942,” write Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 58</ref> According to Jerrold L. Schecter, spokesman for the National Security Administration in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, "Robert Oppenheimer’s long time membership in the Communist Party of the United States was made secret in 1942."<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=43900&group_id=13349 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref>

FBI surveillance in 1942-43 reported that Alameda County Communist Party Secretary Bernadette Doyle told John Murra, a “suspected intelligence agent of the USSR,” that “OPPENHEIMER was a party member but that his name should be removed from any mailing lists in John Murra’s possession and he should not mention it in any way,” and told [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/e-dossier-no-11-was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion Comintern agent] "[[Steve Nelson]]" (Stjepan Mesaros), according to a telephone intercept,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 234</ref> “that she believes the matter should be taken up with the state committee regarding the two OPPIES, inasmuch as they were regularly registered [as members of the Communist Party] and everyone in the county knew they were Communists."<ref>The FBI report adds: "It is believed that the two OPPIES mentioned above had reference to subject J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER and his brother FRANK OPPENHEIMER." FBI report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, December 2, 1943, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 229 (PDF 238); M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, p. 316-318</ref>

FBI surveillance in 1942-43 reported that Alameda County Communist Party Secretary Bernadette Doyle told John Murra, a “suspected intelligence agent of the USSR,” that “OPPENHEIMER was a party member but that his name should be removed from any mailing lists in John Murra’s possession and he should not mention it in any way,” and told [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/e-dossier-no-11-was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion Comintern agent] "[[Steve Nelson]]" (Stjepan Mesaros), according to a telephone intercept,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 234</ref> “that she believes the matter should be taken up with the state committee regarding the two OPPIES, inasmuch as they were regularly registered [as members of the Communist Party] and everyone in the county knew they were Communists."<ref>The FBI report adds: "It is believed that the two OPPIES mentioned above had reference to subject J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER and his brother FRANK OPPENHEIMER." FBI report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, December 2, 1943, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 229 (PDF 238); M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, p. 316-318</ref>

In 1942, FBI surveillance recorded Lomanitz telling Nelson he was working on a highly secret weapon; Nelson advised Lomanitz to keep his Party activity quiet<ref>Katherine A. S. Sibley, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713757446 Soviet Military-Industrial Espionage in the United States and the Emergence of an Espionage Paradigm in US-Soviet Relations, 1941-45]," ''American Communist History'', Vol. 2, Iss. 1 (June 2003), pp. 21-51</ref> as he was now considered a member of the underground.<ref>San Francisco FBI report 15 March 1947, COMRAP file. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325; Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> Oppenheimer said he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Lomanitz was a Communist Party member.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> Yet when, following an espionage investigation,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 128 (PDF 138)</ref> the Army released Lomanitz from Berkeley, causing him to lose his draft deferment, Oppenheimer sent an "urgent request" by telegram, urging Lomanitz' "continued availability to project,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 123 (PDF 133)</ref> and subsequently attempted to get the Army to release Lomanitz to return to the Radiation Laboratory.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 124 (PDF 134)</ref>

In 1942, FBI surveillance recorded Lomanitz telling Nelson he was working on a highly secret weapon; Nelson advised Lomanitz to keep his Party activity quiet<ref>Katherine A. S. Sibley, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713757446 Soviet Military-Industrial Espionage in the United States and the Emergence of an Espionage Paradigm in US-Soviet Relations, 1941-45]," ''American Communist History'', Vol. 2, Iss. 1 (June 2003), pp. 21-51</ref> as he was now considered a member of the underground.<ref>San Francisco FBI report 15 March 1947, COMRAP file. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325; Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> Oppenheimer said he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Lomanitz was a Communist Party member.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> Yet when, following an espionage investigation,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 128 (PDF 138)</ref> the Army released Lomanitz from Berkeley, causing him to lose his draft deferment, Oppenheimer sent an "urgent request" by telegram, urging Lomanitz' "continued availability to project,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 123 (PDF 133)</ref> and subsequently attempted to get the Army to release Lomanitz to return to the Radiation Laboratory.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 124 (PDF 134)</ref>

In 1949, just before Lomanitz was to testify before HUAC, Oppenheimer met him on a sidewalk in Princeton, N.J., (where presumably "the FBI found it difficult to monitor his conversations"),<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,935123,00.html THE ATOM: A Matter of Character]," ''Time'', June 14, 1954</ref> and discussed what he would say to the committee. Oppenheimer testified that the meeting was by chance, and that he only advised Lomanitz to tell the truth. But when he testified, Lomanitz refused on grounds of potential self-incrimination to answer whether or not he had been a Communist.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 151 (PDF 161)</ref>

In 1949, just before Lomanitz was to testify before HUAC, Oppenheimer met him on a sidewalk in Princeton, N.J., (where presumably "the FBI found it difficult to monitor his conversations"),<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,935123,00.html THE ATOM: A Matter of Character]," ''Time'', June 14, 1954</ref> and discussed what he would say to the committee. Oppenheimer testified that the meeting was by chance, and that he only advised Lomanitz to tell the truth. But when he testified, Lomanitz refused on grounds of potential self-incrimination to answer whether or not he had been a Communist.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 151 (PDF 161)</ref>

Oppenheimer also testified that he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Weinberg was a Communist Party member<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> and had heard even at Berkeley that Weinberg had been a member of the Young Communist League.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 194 (PDF 204)</ref> FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg, who had gotten into the Manhattan project using Oppenheimer as a reference, telling Nelson he had been a Communist Party member since 1938.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 14 (PDF 16)</ref> Nelson warned Weinberg to burn his party membership book.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 148</ref> In 1943, FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg ("[http://ia341038.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregardin194902unit/hearingsregardin194902unit_bw.pdf Scientist X]") reading to Nelson "what appeared to be a technical formula used in the Project," which Nelson copied down.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 6 (PDF 8)</ref> Weinberg told Nelson he had to return the formula to the University of California Radiation Laboratories in the morning. Several days later Nelson met with Peter Ivanov (a [[GRU]] agent operating out of the Soviet consulate in San Francisco,<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]</ref> where [[Grigory Kheifetz|Kheifetz]] was under cover as vice consul),<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?doc_id=43900&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=13349&topic_id=1409 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> and gave him a package.<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325</ref> A few days later, "Zubilin" ([[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944) was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate. Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Nelson ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref>

Oppenheimer also testified that he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Weinberg was a Communist Party member<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> and had heard even at Berkeley that Weinberg had been a member of the Young Communist League.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 194 (PDF 204)</ref> FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg, who had gotten into the Manhattan project using Oppenheimer as a reference, telling Nelson he had been a Communist Party member since 1938.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 14 (PDF 16)</ref> Nelson warned Weinberg to burn his party membership book.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 148</ref> In 1943, FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg ("[http://ia341038.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregardin194902unit/hearingsregardin194902unit_bw.pdf Scientist X]") reading to Nelson "what appeared to be a technical formula used in the Project," which Nelson copied down.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 6 (PDF 8)</ref> Weinberg told Nelson he had to return the formula to the University of California Radiation Laboratories in the morning. Several days later Nelson met with Peter Ivanov (a [[GRU]] agent operating out of the Soviet consulate in San Francisco,<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]</ref> where [[Grigory Kheifetz|Kheifetz]] was undercover as vice consul),<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?doc_id=43900&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=13349&topic_id=1409 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> and gave him a package.<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325</ref> A few days later, "Zubilin" ([[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944) was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate. Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Nelson ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref>

At least three of the five scientists under Oppenheimer's direct supervision leaked secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. These include [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Theodore Hall]], and [[David Greenglass]].<ref>For '''Karl Fuchs''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=114-115, 127-128, 131-132, 155, 164, 397}} Noting that Klaus Fuchs, a committed Stalinist, began spying while in Great Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany, and continued when he came to the United States to work on the Manhattan Project.  For '''Theodore Hall''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128-129, 131-132, 147-48, 164-65, 205}} (Cf. "[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sanders/214/other/news/obit-hall-ap.html Scientist, Spy for Soviets Dies]," The Associated Press, November 10, 1999). For '''David Greenglass''', see {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128, 131}}. For all see also also {{hnb|LANL|2007}}</ref> KGB archival data smuggled out by Vassiliev reveal that two more spies, Boris Podolsky (code-named Quantum) and Russell McNutt (code-named Fogel, later changed to Pers), were also at Los Alamos during Oppenheimer's tenure.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 73, 339</ref>

At least three of the five scientists under Oppenheimer's direct supervision leaked secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. These include [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Theodore Hall]], and [[David Greenglass]].<ref>For '''Karl Fuchs''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=114-115, 127-128, 131-132, 155, 164, 397}} Noting that Klaus Fuchs, a committed Stalinist, began spying while in Great Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany, and continued when he came to the United States to work on the Manhattan Project.  For '''Theodore Hall''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128-129, 131-132, 147-48, 164-65, 205}} (Cf. "[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sanders/214/other/news/obit-hall-ap.html Scientist, Spy for Soviets Dies]," The Associated Press, November 10, 1999). For '''David Greenglass''', see {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128, 131}}. For all see also also {{hnb|LANL|2007}}</ref> KGB archival data smuggled out by Vassiliev reveal that two more spies, Boris Podolsky (code-named Quantum) and Russell McNutt (code-named Fogel, later changed to Pers), were also at Los Alamos during Oppenheimer's tenure.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 73, 339</ref>