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Oppenheimer also testified that he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Weinberg was a Communist Party member<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> and had heard even at Berkeley that Weinberg had been a member of the Young Communist League.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 194 (PDF 204)</ref> FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg, who had gotten into the Manhattan project using Oppenheimer as a reference, telling Nelson he had been a Communist Party member since 1938.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 14 (PDF 16)</ref> Nelson warned Weinberg to burn his party membership book.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 148</ref> In 1943, FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg ("[http://ia341038.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregardin194902unit/hearingsregardin194902unit_bw.pdf Scientist X]") reading to Nelson "what appeared to be a technical formula used in the Project," which Nelson copied down.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 6 (PDF 8)</ref> Weinberg told Nelson he had to return the formula to the University of California Radiation Laboratories in the morning. Several days later Nelson met with Peter Ivanov (a [[GRU]] agent operating out of the Soviet consulate in San Francisco,<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]</ref> where [[Grigory Kheifetz|Kheifetz]] was undercover as vice consul),<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?doc_id=43900&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=13349&topic_id=1409 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> and gave him a package.<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325</ref> A few days later, "Zubilin" ([[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944) was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate. Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Nelson ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref>

Oppenheimer also testified that he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Weinberg was a Communist Party member<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> and had heard even at Berkeley that Weinberg had been a member of the Young Communist League.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 194 (PDF 204)</ref> FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg, who had gotten into the Manhattan project using Oppenheimer as a reference, telling Nelson he had been a Communist Party member since 1938.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 14 (PDF 16)</ref> Nelson warned Weinberg to burn his party membership book.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 148</ref> In 1943, FBI surveillance recorded Weinberg ("[http://ia341038.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregardin194902unit/hearingsregardin194902unit_bw.pdf Scientist X]") reading to Nelson "what appeared to be a technical formula used in the Project," which Nelson copied down.<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 6 (PDF 8)</ref> Weinberg told Nelson he had to return the formula to the University of California Radiation Laboratories in the morning. Several days later Nelson met with Peter Ivanov (a [[GRU]] agent operating out of the Soviet consulate in San Francisco,<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]</ref> where [[Grigory Kheifetz|Kheifetz]] was undercover as vice consul),<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?doc_id=43900&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=13349&topic_id=1409 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy? A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake], Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> and gave him a package.<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325</ref> A few days later, "Zubilin" ([[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944) was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate. Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Nelson ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref>

At least three of the five scientists under Oppenheimer's direct supervision leaked secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. These include [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Theodore Hall]], and [[David Greenglass]].<ref>For '''Karl Fuchs''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=114-115, 127-128, 131-132, 155, 164, 397}} Noting that Klaus Fuchs, a committed Stalinist, began spying while in Great Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany, and continued when he came to the United States to work on the Manhattan Project.  For '''Theodore Hall''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128-129, 131-132, 147-48, 164-65, 205}} (Cf. "[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sanders/214/other/news/obit-hall-ap.html Scientist, Spy for Soviets Dies]," The Associated Press, November 10, 1999). For '''David Greenglass''', see {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128, 131}}. For all see also also {{hnb|LANL|2007}}</ref> KGB archival data smuggled out by Vassiliev reveal that two more spies, Boris Podolsky (code-named Quantum) and Russell McNutt (code-named Fogel, later changed to Pers), were also at Los Alamos during Oppenheimer's tenure.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 73, 339</ref>

At least three of the five scientists under Oppenheimer's direct supervision [[leak]]ed secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. These include [[Klaus Fuchs]], [[Theodore Hall]], and [[David Greenglass]].<ref>For '''Karl Fuchs''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=114-115, 127-128, 131-132, 155, 164, 397}} Noting that Klaus Fuchs, a committed Stalinist, began spying while in Great Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany, and continued when he came to the United States to work on the Manhattan Project.  For '''Theodore Hall''', see: {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128-129, 131-132, 147-48, 164-65, 205}} (Cf. "[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sanders/214/other/news/obit-hall-ap.html Scientist, Spy for Soviets Dies]," The Associated Press, November 10, 1999). For '''David Greenglass''', see {{hnb|Andrew & Mitrokhin|1999|Ref=CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999|p=128, 131}}. For all see also also {{hnb|LANL|2007}}</ref> KGB archival data smuggled out by Vassiliev reveal that two more spies, Boris Podolsky (code-named Quantum) and Russell McNutt (code-named Fogel, later changed to Pers), were also at Los Alamos during Oppenheimer's tenure.<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 73, 339</ref>

===Allegations against Oppenheimer===

===Allegations against Oppenheimer===