Changes

== Religion ==

== Religion ==

Hindkowans, like other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] originally practiced [[Hinduism]]; for this reason, the term "Hindko" itself is defined as the "language of the Hindus."<ref name="Bhasha-e-Hanud">{{cite book|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=OvYtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=hindko+hindu&cd=6#v=onepage&q=hindko%20hindu&f=false|quote= Lahnda is also spoken in the north of the state of Bahawalpur and of the province of Sind, in which latter locality it is known as Siraiki. Its western boundary is, roughly speaking, the river Indus, across which the language of the Afghan population is Pashto (Pushtu), while the Hindu settlers still speak Landha. In the Derajat, however, Lahnda, is the principal language of all classes in the plains west of the river. Lahnda is also known as Western Panjabi and as Jatki, or the language of the Jats, who form the bulk of the population whose mother tongue it is. In the Derajat it is called Hindko or the language of the Hindus.| title = The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 16|publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica Company|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> As such, there are a number of [[Hindu]] Hindkowans.<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Balochistan]].<ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Fredrik Barth">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=K3pCAAAAYAAJ&q=kalat+hindko+hindu&dq=kalat+hindko+hindu&cd=1|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = The social organization of the Marri Baluch|publisher = Indus Publications |accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Fredrik Barth">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yuyZAAAAIAAJ&q=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&dq=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&cd=6|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43|publisher = Viking Fund|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to [[India]] from their native region of [[Sarhad]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India"/> During the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], which took place from the 12th century A.D. onwards, many of the Hindkowans converted to [[Islam]]. Today, most of the Hindkowan population is [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]].<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hnd|title = Hindko, Southern|publisher = [[SIL International]]|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Later, with the [[Sikhism#Growth of the Sikh community|spread of Sikhism]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] beginning in the eighteenth century A.D., some Hindkowans, both Hindu & Muslim, became [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri"/><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9"/><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton"/><ref name="O. Harrassowitz"/><ref name="Tariq Rahman"/> Like the Hindus, many Sikh Hindkowans migrated to Hindustan after the partition of India in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India"/>

Hindkowans, like other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] originally practiced [[Hinduism]]; for this reason, the term "Hindko" itself is defined as the "language of the Hindus."<ref name="Bhasha-e-Hanud">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OvYtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=hindko+hindu&cd=6#v=onepage&q=hindko%20hindu&f=false|quote= Lahnda is also spoken in the north of the state of Bahawalpur and of the province of Sind, in which latter locality it is known as Siraiki. Its western boundary is, roughly speaking, the river Indus, across which the language of the Afghan population is Pashto (Pushtu), while the Hindu settlers still speak Landha. In the Derajat, however, Lahnda, is the principal language of all classes in the plains west of the river. Lahnda is also known as Western Panjabi and as Jatki, or the language of the Jats, who form the bulk of the population whose mother tongue it is. In the Derajat it is called Hindko or the language of the Hindus.| title = The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 16|publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica Company|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> As such, there are a number of [[Hindu]] Hindkowans.<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Balochistan]].<ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Fredrik Barth">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K3pCAAAAYAAJ&q=kalat+hindko+hindu&dq=kalat+hindko+hindu&cd=1|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = The social organization of the Marri Baluch|publisher = Indus Publications |accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Fredrik Barth">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yuyZAAAAIAAJ&q=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&dq=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&cd=6|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43|publisher = Viking Fund|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to [[India]] from their native region of [[Sarhad]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India"/> During the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], which took place from the 12th century A.D. onwards, many of the Hindkowans converted to [[Islam]]. Today, most of the Hindkowan population is [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]].<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hnd|title = Hindko, Southern|publisher = [[SIL International]]|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Later, with the [[Sikhism#Growth of the Sikh community|spread of Sikhism]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] beginning in the eighteenth century A.D., some Hindkowans, both Hindu & Muslim, became [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri"/><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9"/><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton"/><ref name="O. Harrassowitz"/><ref name="Tariq Rahman"/> Like the Hindus, many Sikh Hindkowans migrated to Hindustan after the partition of India in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India"/>

==Notable Hindkowans ==

==Notable Hindkowans ==