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A massive 8.9-magnitude earthquake and several powerful aftershocks struck the eastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011 (12:46 a.m. in Washington), triggering a [[tsunami]] that devastated the coastline north of [[Tokyo]] with waves up to 10 meters (33 ft.) high. The earthquake epicenter was in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers east of [[Sendai]], [[Honshu]] island. The earthquake occurred along the subduction zone between two tectonic plates.
A massive 8.9-magnitude earthquake and several powerful aftershocks struck the eastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011 (12:46 a.m. in Washington), triggering a [[tsunami]] that devastated the coastline north of [[Tokyo]] with waves up to 10 meters (33 ft.) high. The earthquake epicenter was in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers east of [[Sendai]], [[Honshu]] island. The earthquake occurred along the subduction zone between two tectonic plates.
[[File:Japan radiation 2011.jpg|right|140px|Japanese radiation, 2011.]]
[[File:Japan radiation 2011.jpg|right|140px|Japanese radiation, 2011.]]
The Japan Meteorological Agency said the earthquake was the strongest in the country's history;<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2011/03/11/ST2011031100651.html?sid=ST2011031100651 Japan Quake - Tsunami]</ref> the death toll is expected to top 10,000 people; Prime Minister Naoto Kan called it the nation's worst crisis since World War II.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-03-13-japan-earthquake_N.htm</ref>
The Japan Meteorological Agency said the earthquake was the strongest in the country's history;<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2011/03/11/ST2011031100651.html?sid=ST2011031100651 Japan Quake - Tsunami]</ref> the death toll is expected to top 10,000 people; Prime Minister Naoto Kan called it the nation's worst crisis since World War II.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-03-13-japan-earthquake_N.htm</ref>
The [[earthquake]] has caused three nuclear power plant cooling systems to fail and those affected reactors. Thousands of residents were evacuated.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/11/japan-issues-emergency-nuke-plant-leak Radiation Levels Surge Outside Two Nuclear Plants in Japan.]</ref>
The [[earthquake]] has caused three nuclear power plant cooling systems to fail and those affected reactors. Thousands of residents were evacuated.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/11/japan-issues-emergency-nuke-plant-leak Radiation Levels Surge Outside Two Nuclear Plants in Japan.]</ref>
* Allinson, Gary D. ''Japan's Postwar History.'' (2nd ed 2004). 208 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Japans-Postwar-History-Second-Allinson/dp/0801489121/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190394878&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Allinson, Gary D. ''Japan's Postwar History.'' (2nd ed 2004). 208 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Japans-Postwar-History-Second-Allinson/dp/0801489121/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190394878&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Beasley, W. G. ''The Modern History of Japan'' (1963) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10327723 online edition]
* Beasley, W. G. ''The Modern History of Japan'' (1963) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10327723 online edition]
* Clement, Ernest Wilson. ''A Short History of Japan'' (1915), 190pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=mOoTAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:History+intitle:Japan&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Clement, Ernest Wilson. ''A Short History of Japan'' (1915), 190pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=mOoTAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:History+intitle:Japan&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Cullen, L. M. ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106045491 online edition]
* Cullen, L. M. ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106045491 online edition]
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military.'' (1999). 384 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Warriors-Rising-Sun-Japanese-Military/dp/0813336007/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190395075&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military.'' (1999). 384 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Warriors-Rising-Sun-Japanese-Military/dp/0813336007/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190395075&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Allinson, Gary D. ''The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History.'' (1999). 259 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Guide-Modern-Japanese-History/dp/0231111444/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190394878&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Allinson, Gary D. ''The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History.'' (1999). 259 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Guide-Modern-Japanese-History/dp/0231111444/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190394878&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Beasley, W. G. ''The Modern History of Japan'' (1963) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10327723 online edition]
* Beasley, W. G. ''The Modern History of Japan'' (1963) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10327723 online edition]
* Clement, Ernest Wilson. ''A Short History of Japan'' (1915), 190pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=mOoTAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:History+intitle:Japan&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Clement, Ernest Wilson. ''A Short History of Japan'' (1915), 190pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=mOoTAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:History+intitle:Japan&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Cullen, L. M. ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106045491 online edition]
* Cullen, L. M. ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106045491 online edition]
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military.'' (1999). 384 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Warriors-Rising-Sun-Japanese-Military/dp/0813336007/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190395075&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military.'' (1999). 384 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Warriors-Rising-Sun-Japanese-Military/dp/0813336007/ref=sr_1_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190395075&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]