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At the Restoration in 1660, Cromwell's body was disinterred from the tomb of kings in [[Westminster Abbey]] and was hung from the gallows at Tyburn.
At the Restoration in 1660, Cromwell's body was disinterred from the tomb of kings in [[Westminster Abbey]] and was hung from the gallows at Tyburn.
Blair Warden, a leading historian, reports, "From his century to ours, Oliver Cromwell has been the most controversial figure of English history."<ref>Blair Warden, "The English Reputations of Oliver Cromwell, 1660-1900" in William Lamont, ed. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fi4SmvdoUfoC&pg=PA35&dq=%22From+his+century+to+ours,+Oliver+Cromwell%22&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=Zjm1_A4NGCzCyrl8RpbIB-47Dug ''Historical Controversies And Historians'' (1998) p. 35]</ref> First, Cromwell is well known and highly thought of; recent BBC polls show the public considers him one of the ten greatest Britons.<ref>"Ten greatest Britons chosen". BBC Polls</ref> Second, his importance and influence is beyond doubt, as is his stature as an outstanding soldier and diplomat. The main facts of his career are not in dispute, only the moral evaluation of those facts.<ref>Compare the controversies over King [[Richard III]], who was a minor player as king for less than two years and whose facts are in dispute.</ref> Third, the range and intensity of opinion is extreme, from those who laud him as a champion of liberty and republicanism who uplifted Britain's stature in the world, to those who hate him; labeling him a regicide and murderer of many Irish Catholics. The debate ranges from commoners to kings, and historians have been deeply involved. In the 1930s and 1940s most scholars saw him as a dangerous dictator, along the lines of Mussolini, Stalin and Hitler. In recent decades most all the scholars have been favorable.
Blair Warden, a leading historian, reports, "From his century to ours, Oliver Cromwell has been the most controversial figure of English history."<ref>Blair Warden, "The English Reputations of Oliver Cromwell, 1660-1900" in William Lamont, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fi4SmvdoUfoC&pg=PA35&dq=%22From+his+century+to+ours,+Oliver+Cromwell%22&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=Zjm1_A4NGCzCyrl8RpbIB-47Dug ''Historical Controversies And Historians'' (1998) p. 35]</ref> First, Cromwell is well known and highly thought of; recent BBC polls show the public considers him one of the ten greatest Britons.<ref>"Ten greatest Britons chosen". BBC Polls</ref> Second, his importance and influence is beyond doubt, as is his stature as an outstanding soldier and diplomat. The main facts of his career are not in dispute, only the moral evaluation of those facts.<ref>Compare the controversies over King [[Richard III]], who was a minor player as king for less than two years and whose facts are in dispute.</ref> Third, the range and intensity of opinion is extreme, from those who laud him as a champion of liberty and republicanism who uplifted Britain's stature in the world, to those who hate him; labeling him a regicide and murderer of many Irish Catholics. The debate ranges from commoners to kings, and historians have been deeply involved. In the 1930s and 1940s most scholars saw him as a dangerous dictator, along the lines of Mussolini, Stalin and Hitler. In recent decades most all the scholars have been favorable.
During his lifetime, some tracts painted him as a [[Hypocrites|hypocrite]] motivated by power — for example, ''The Machiavilian Cromwell'' and ''The Juglers Discovered'', both part of an attack on Cromwell by the [[Levellers]] after 1647, present him as a Machiavellian figure. After his death and public disgrace there were many denunciations and a few positive portrayals, such as John Spittlehouse's ''A Warning Piece Discharged'' which compared him to Moses, rescuing the English by taking them safely through the Red Sea of the civil wars.<ref>John Morrill, "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, (1990) pp. 263–4, 271-2</ref> The great royalist historian Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, in his ''History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England'' (1667) declared that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man". Clarendon argued that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped not only by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. The aristocracy was especially hostile to Cromwell, in large part because of his strong appeal to the common folk.
During his lifetime, some tracts painted him as a [[Hypocrites|hypocrite]] motivated by power — for example, ''The Machiavilian Cromwell'' and ''The Juglers Discovered'', both part of an attack on Cromwell by the [[Levellers]] after 1647, present him as a Machiavellian figure. After his death and public disgrace there were many denunciations and a few positive portrayals, such as John Spittlehouse's ''A Warning Piece Discharged'' which compared him to Moses, rescuing the English by taking them safely through the Red Sea of the civil wars.<ref>John Morrill, "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, (1990) pp. 263–4, 271-2</ref> The great royalist historian Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, in his ''History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England'' (1667) declared that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man". Clarendon argued that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped not only by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. The aristocracy was especially hostile to Cromwell, in large part because of his strong appeal to the common folk.
* Clifford, Alan. ''Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate'' (1999), ISBN 0-9526716-2-X. praises his religiousity
* Clifford, Alan. ''Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate'' (1999), ISBN 0-9526716-2-X. praises his religiousity
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001), shows Cromwell's remarkable skill at building complex networks of supporters, including coreligionists, politicians and soldiers. ISBN 0-340-73118-4
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001), shows Cromwell's remarkable skill at building complex networks of supporters, including coreligionists, politicians and soldiers. ISBN 0-340-73118-4
* Drinkwater John. ''Oliver Cromwell, a Character Study'' (2007) [http://books.google.com/books?id=62DlZJaCaWkC&pg=PA173&dq=intitle:Cromwell+date:2006-2008&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=79z-gHLUUSA7Bpsg-3TCXGuMKQM excerpts and text search]
* Drinkwater John. ''Oliver Cromwell, a Character Study'' (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=62DlZJaCaWkC&pg=PA173&dq=intitle:Cromwell+date:2006-2008&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=79z-gHLUUSA7Bpsg-3TCXGuMKQM excerpts and text search]
* Fraser, Antonia. ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men,'' and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' (1973), ISBN 0-7538-1331-9. Popular narrative. [http://www.amazon.com/Cromwell-Antonia-Fraser/dp/0802137660/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181888&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Fraser, Antonia. ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men,'' and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' (1973), ISBN 0-7538-1331-9. Popular narrative. [http://www.amazon.com/Cromwell-Antonia-Fraser/dp/0802137660/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181888&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1901). ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 online edition]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1901). ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 online edition]
* Adamson, John. "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in ''Historical Journal'', (1987) v30#3.
* Adamson, John. "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in ''Historical Journal'', (1987) v30#3.
* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2002),
* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2002),
* Firth, C.H. ''Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England'' (1900). [http://books.google.com/books?id=Y14NAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Oliver+intitle:Cromwell+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:Rule+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Puritans&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Firth, C.H. ''Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England'' (1900). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y14NAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Oliver+intitle:Cromwell+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:Rule+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Puritans&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Little, Patrick, ed. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate.'' (2007). 218 pp.
* Little, Patrick, ed. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate.'' (2007). 218 pp.
* Little, Patrick. "Offering the Crown to Cromwell." ''History Today'' 2007 57(2): 24-31. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Little, Patrick. "Offering the Crown to Cromwell." ''History Today'' 2007 57(2): 24-31. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Durston, Christopher. "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in ''English Historical Review'' 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
* Durston, Christopher. "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in ''English Historical Review'' 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
* Durston, Christopher. ''Cromwell's Major Generals: Godly Government during the English Revolution'' (2001)
* Durston, Christopher. ''Cromwell's Major Generals: Godly Government during the English Revolution'' (2001)
* Firth, C.H. ''Cromwell's Army'' (1902), [http://books.google.com/books?id=hx4kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Cromwell%27s+intitle:Army&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Firth, C.H. ''Cromwell's Army'' (1902), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hx4kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Cromwell%27s+intitle:Army&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Gillingham, J. ''Portrait Of A Soldier: Cromwell'' (1976), ISBN 0-297-77148-5.
* Gillingham, J. ''Portrait Of A Soldier: Cromwell'' (1976), ISBN 0-297-77148-5.
* Kenyon, John, and Jane Ohlmeyer, eds. ''The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638-1660'' 391 pp. (1998), thorough coverage by numerous scholars [http://www.questia.com/read/85742104?title=The%20Civil%20Wars%3a%20A%20Military%20History%20of%20England%2c%20Scotland%2c%20and%20Ireland%201638-1660 online edition]
* Kenyon, John, and Jane Ohlmeyer, eds. ''The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638-1660'' 391 pp. (1998), thorough coverage by numerous scholars [http://www.questia.com/read/85742104?title=The%20Civil%20Wars%3a%20A%20Military%20History%20of%20England%2c%20Scotland%2c%20and%20Ireland%201638-1660 online edition]
* Coward, Barry ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714,'' (2003). ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
* Coward, Barry ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714,'' (2003). ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey. ''The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660'' (1959). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 online]. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey. ''The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660'' (1959). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 online]. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649'' (4 vol 1898) [http://books.google.com/books?id=absqibcUmIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Great+intitle:Civil+intitle:War+inauthor:Gardiner&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition from Google]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649'' (4 vol 1898) [https://books.google.com/books?id=absqibcUmIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Great+intitle:Civil+intitle:War+inauthor:Gardiner&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition from Google]
* Gaunt, Peter. ''The Cromwellian Gazetteer: An Illustrated Guide to Britain in the Civil War and Commonwealth'' (1998), 256pp; heavily illustrated; covers the scenes of military conflict such as battlefields, castles, fortified houses and churches, defended and besieged towns and cities
* Gaunt, Peter. ''The Cromwellian Gazetteer: An Illustrated Guide to Britain in the Civil War and Commonwealth'' (1998), 256pp; heavily illustrated; covers the scenes of military conflict such as battlefields, castles, fortified houses and churches, defended and besieged towns and cities
* Korr, Charles P. ''Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649-1658'' (1975) ISBN 0-520-02281-5. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98872257 online]
* Korr, Charles P. ''Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649-1658'' (1975) ISBN 0-520-02281-5. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98872257 online]
* Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in ''Proceedings Of The British Academy''(2000) 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202 .
* Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in ''Proceedings Of The British Academy''(2000) 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202 .
* Worden, Blair. ''Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity'' (2001), 387pp; ISBN 0-14-100694-3.
* Worden, Blair. ''Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity'' (2001), 387pp; ISBN 0-14-100694-3.
* Warden, Blair. "The English Reputations of Oliver Cromwell, 1660-1900" in William Lamont, ed. '' ''Historical Controversies and Historians'' (1998) 35-48 [http://books.google.com/books?id=fi4SmvdoUfoC&pg=PA35&dq=%22 online]
* Warden, Blair. "The English Reputations of Oliver Cromwell, 1660-1900" in William Lamont, ed. '' ''Historical Controversies and Historians'' (1998) 35-48 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fi4SmvdoUfoC&pg=PA35&dq=%22 online]
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===