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Line 1: + − == History of the Creation/evolution controversy == − − ===Creation/evolution controversy in the age of Darwin=== − The creation-evolution controversy has a long history, beginning with challenges made by various Darwinian promoters to biblical accounts of creation. In response to theories promulgated by outspoken proponents of these theories, such as Darwin's Bulldog Thomas Henry Huxley, some religious persons and organizations questioned the legitimacy scientific ideas that were being used to call into question the veracity of the creation account in Genesis. − − Darwin's book was a bombshell that revolutionized the way naturalists viewed the world. The book was heavily promoted by athiests and agnositics and its promotion attracted attention and controversy, and many theologians reacted to Darwin's theories. For example, in his 1874 work ''What is Darwinism?'' the theologian Charles Hodge argued that Darwin's theories were tantamount to atheism.<ref>{{hnb|Hodge|1874|p=177}}, {{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=14}}</ref> − − The controversy was fueled by one of Darwin's most vigorous promoters, Thomas Henry Huxley, who opined that Christianity is "a compound of some of the best and some of the worst elements of Paganism and Judaism, moulded in practice by the innate character of certain people of the Western World."<ref>{{hnb|Burns, Ralph, Lerner, & Standish|1982|Ref=CITEREFBurnsRalphLernerStandish1982|p=965}}, {{hnb|Huxley|1902}}</ref> Perhaps the most uncompromising of the evolutionary philosophers was the German, Ernst Heinrick Haeckel, a professor of biology, who dogmatically affirmed that nothing spiritual exists.<ref>{{hnb|Burns, Ralph, Lerner, & Standish|1982|Ref=CITEREFBurnsRalphLernerStandish1982|p=965}}</ref> − − A watershed in the Protestant objections to evolution occured after about 1875.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=13}}</ref> Previously, citing Louis Agassiz and other scientific luminaries, Protestant contributors to religious quarterlies dismissed Darwin's theories as unscientific.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=13}}</ref> After 1875, it became clear that the majority of naturalists embraced evolution, and a sizable minority of these protestant contributors rejected Darwin's theory because it called into question the veracity of Scriptures.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=13}}</ref> Even so, virtually none of these dissenters insisted on a young Earth.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=14}}</ref> − − The greatest concern for creationists at the turn of the twentieth century was the issue of human ancestry.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=15}}</ref> − − {{cquote|I do not wish to meddle with any man's family matters, or quarrel with any one about his relatives. If a man prefers to look for his kindred in the zoological gardens, it is no concern of mine; if he wants to believe that the founder of his family was an ape, a gorilla, a mud-turtle, or a moner, he may do so; but when he insists that I shall trace my lineage in that direction, I say ''No Sir!''...I prefer that my genealogical table shall end as it now does, with "Cainan, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God."<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=15}}, quoting H.L Hastings' tract in ''Was Moses Mistaken? or, Creation and Evolution'' (1896)</ref>}} − − Creationists during this period were largely premillennialists, whose belief in Christ's return depended on a quasi-literal reading of the Bible.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=14}}</ref> However, they were not as concerned about geology, freely granting scientists any time they needed before the Edenic creation to account for scientific observations, such as fossils and geological findings.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=14-15}}</ref> In the immediate post-Darwinian era, few scientists or clerics rejected the antiquity of the earth, the progressive nature of the fossil record.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=17}}</ref> Likewise, few attached geological significance to the Bibilical flood, unlike subsequent creationists.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=17}}</ref> Evolutionary skeptics, creationist leaders and skeptical scientists were usually either willing to adopt a figurative reading of the first chapter of Genesis, or allowed that the six days of creation were not necessarily 24-hour days.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=18}}, Noting that this applies to published or public skeptics. Many or most christians may have held on to a literal six days of creation, but these views were rarely expressed in books and journals. Exceptions are also noted, such as literal interpretations published by Eleazar Lord (1788-1871) and David Nevins Lord (1792-1880). However, the observation that evolutionary critics had a relaxed interpretation of Genesis is supported by specifically enumerating: Louis Agassiz (1807-1873); Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884); John William Dawson (1820-1899); Enoch Fitch Burr (1818-1907); George D. Armstrong (1813-1899); Charles Hodge, theologian (1797-1878); James Dwight Dana (1813-1895); Edward Hitchcock, clergyman and respected Amherst College geologist, (1793-1864); Reverend Herbert W. Morris (1818-1897); H. L. Hastings (1833?-1899); Luther T. Townsend (1838-1922); Alexander Patterson, Presbyterian evangelist who published ''The Other Side of Evolution Its Effects and Fallacy''</ref> − − === Scopes trial === − Initial reactions in the United States of America matched the developments in Britain, and when Alfred Russel Wallace went there for a lecture tour in 1886–1887 his explanations of Darwinism were welcomed without any problems, but attitudes changed after the First World War.<ref name=moore06>{{hnb|Moore|2006}}</ref> The controversy became political when public schools began teaching that man evolved from monkeys in accordance with Charles Darwin's theory of Natural Selection. In response, the State of Tennessee passed a law (the Butler Act of 1925) prohibiting the teaching of any theory of the origins of humans that contradicted the teachings of the Bible. This law was tested in the highly publicized Scopes Trial of 1925. The law was upheld by the Tennessee Supreme Court, and remained on the books until 1967 when it was repealed. However, the next year, 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''Epperson v. Arkansas'' 393 U.S. 97 (1968) that such bans contravened the Constitution's Establishment Clause. − − === Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) textbooks === − − By the mid-twentieth century, most neo-Darwinists either repudiated or dismissed earlier Lamarckian and theistic theories of evolution.<ref name=Larson253>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=253}}</ref> Neo-darwinists including paleontologist George Simpson and Julian Huxley evangelized for Darwinism<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=250}}, describing the religious zeal of Simpson and Huxley.</ref> and urged that the public schools teach the "fact of evolution".<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=248,250}}</ref> Their desires were fulfilled in the 1960s, with the introduction of federally supported Biological Sciences Curriculum Study ([http://www.bscs.org/ BSCS]) biology text books that promoted evolution as an organizing principle.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=246,252}}</ref> − − Meanwhile, public opinion polls suggested that most Americans either believed that God specially created human beings or guided evolution.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=251}}</ref> Membership in churches favoring increasingly literal interpretations of Scripture continued to rise, with the Southern Baptist Convention and Luthern Church–Missouri Synod outpacing all other denominations.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=251}}</ref> With growth, these churches became better equipped to carry a creationist message, with their own colleges, schools, publishing houses, and broadcast media.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=252}}</ref> − − With decreasing church membership among evolutionary scientists, the role of opposing the anti-BSCS textbook movement passed from prominent scientists in liberal churches to secular scientists less equipped to reach Christian audiences.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=252}}</ref> Anti-evolutionary forces were able to reduce the number of school districts utilizing BSCS biology text books, but courts continued to prevent religious instruction in public schools.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=252}}</ref> − − === Institute for Creation Research === − Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb Jr.'s influential ''The Genesis Flood'' argued that creation was literally 6 days long, humans lived concurrently with dinosaurs, and that God created each kind of life, was published in 1961.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=255}},{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=xi,200-208}}</ref> With publication, Morris became a popular speaker, spreading anti-evolutionary ideas at fundamentalist churches, colleges, and conferences.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=255}}</ref> Morris setup up the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC), an organization dominated by baptists, as an adjuct to the Christian Heritage College.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=284}}</ref> The CSRC rushed publication of biology text books that promoted creationism, and also published other books such as Kelly Segrave's sensational ''Sons of God Return'' that dealt with UFOlogy, flood geology, and demonology.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=284-285}}</ref> These efforts were against the recommendations of Morris, who urged a more cautious and scientific approach.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=284}}</ref> Ultimately, the CSRC broke up, and Morris founded the Institute for Creation Research. Morris promised that the ICR, unlike the CSRC, would be controlled and operated by scientists.<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=286}}</ref>. During this time, Morris and others who supported flood geology adopted the terms ''scientific creationism'' and ''creation science''.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=255-256}}</ref> The flood geologists effectively co-opted "the generic creationist label for their hyperliteralist views".<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=254-255}}, {{hnb|Numbers|1998|p=5-6}}</ref> Previously, ''Creationism'' was a generic term describing a philosophical perspective that presupposed the existence of God.<ref>{{hnb|Hayward|1998|p=11}}</ref>. − − ==The current controversy== − − === Smithsonian-Sternberg affair === − − The [[Smithsonian-Sternberg affair]] occurred after Richard Sternberg managed the peer review process of a paper published by Steven Meyer. Richard Sternberg was subjected to a hostile work environment at the Smithsonian in retaliation for publishing a paper by an Intelligent Design (ID) proponent. − − === Court cases === − − == Timeline of the Creation/evolution controversy == − * 1859 - Charles Darwin published ''The Origin of Species'' regarding the theory of evolution, after over 20 years of research and discovery. The theory's most radical tenant, "natural selection," attempted to replace the generally accepted idea of Created Kinds. − * 1860 - Liberal theologians published ''Essays and Reviews'' supporting Darwin. A debate of Darwin's theory was arranged at the Oxford Museum, with Darwin's bulldog Thomas Huxley among its defenders and Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford leading its critics. − * 1925 - The Scopes Trial tested the new Butler Act, which made it illegal to teach that man descended from animals in public schools. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100; prosecution lawyer William Jennings Bryan offered to pay it, but the decision was later set aside on a technicality after appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court. − * 1958 - The federally supported National Science Foundation started the [http://www.bscs.org/ Biological Sciences Curriculum Study] publishes textbooks which emphasizes evolution as an organizing principle. − * 1960 - ''The Genesis Flood'' by Henry Morris and John C. Whitcomb, Jr. reinvigorated the creationist movement. − * 1968 - A U.S. Supreme Court issues its Epperson v. Arkansas decision repealing laws that prohibited the teaching of evolution and requiring the teaching of a creationism on the grounds that it violated the the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. − * 2004 - Intelligent Design researcher Stephen C. Meyer publishes a paper, ''The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories'' in the peer reviewed journal ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington''. − * 2005 - U.S. Representative Mark Souder's office issues a report concurring with the U.S. Office of Special Council's conclusion that Richard Sternberg was subjected to a hostile work environment at the Smithsonian Institution in retaliation for his role in publishing Stephen C. Meyer's paper. See [[Smithsonian-Sternberg affair]]. − * 2007 - Pope Benedict XVI publishes ''Creation and Evolution'', where he writes "<nowiki>[It]</nowiki> is also true that the theory of evolution is not a complete, scientifically proven theory."<ref>Creation and Evolution, Pope Benedict XVI, 2007, Sankt Ulrich Publishing. See also [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070411/ap_on_re_eu/pope_evolution;_ylt=A0WTUejOaB1G9GUBBgKs0NUE]</ref> − − ==References== − <references /> − − == Sources == − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Aviezer − | Given = Nathan − | Year = 1990 − | Title = In the Beginning: Biblical Creation and Science − | Publisher = Ktav Pub Inc. − | ID = ISBN 0881253286 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Barry − | Given = Alvin L. − | Authorlink = Alvin L. Barry − | Year = 2001 − | Title = What about....Creation and Evolution − | Journal = Unchanging Truth in Changing Times: The Complete Collection of the What About Pamphlets − | Pages = 60-61 − | Publisher = The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod The Office of the President − | URL = https://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/LCMS/Unchanging_Truth.pdf − }}Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Bates − | Given = Stephen − | Year = 2006 − | Date = 2006-03-21 − | Title = Archbishop: Stop Teaching Creationism − | Journal = The Guardian − | Publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited − | URL = http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1735730,00.html − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = BBC − | Given = BBC − | Year = 2006 − | Date = 2006-03-21 − | Title = Fears over teaching creationism − | Journal = BBC − | Publisher = http://news.bbc.co.uk − | URL = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4828238.stm − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | last=Bumiller − | first=Elisabeth − | year=2005 − | title=Bush Remarks Roil Debate on Teaching of Evolution − | periodical=The New York Times − | issue=2005-08-03 − | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/politics/03bush.html?ex=1280721600&en=8bbf73d2f5204260&ei=5088&partner=r − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Burns − | Given1 = Edward M. − | Surname2 = Ralph − | Given2 = Philip Lee − | Surname3 = Lerner − | Given3 = Robert E. − | Surname4 = Standish − | Given4 = Meacham − | Year = 1982 − | Title = World Civilizations Their History and Their Culture − | Edition = Sixth − | Publisher = W.W. Norton & Company − | ID = ISBN 0-393-95077-8 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = CISE − | Given = Committe for Integrity in Science Education − | Year = 1989 − | Date = February 1989 − | Title = Teaching Science in a Climate of Controversy: A view from the American Scientific Affliation − | Publisher = American Scientific Affiliation − | ID = ISBN 1881479005 − | Pages = 64 − }} [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/climate2.pdf on-line link] to condensed version retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Corey − | Given = Michael − | Year = 1995 − | Title = The Natural History of Creation: Biblical Evolutionism and the Return of Natural Theology − | Publisher = University Press of America − | Pages = 446 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dawkins − | Given = Richard − | Authorlink = Richard Dawkins − | Year = 1986 − | Title = The Blind Watchmaker − | Publisher = W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. − | ID = ISBN 0-393-31570-3 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dawkins − | Given = Richard − | Authorlink = Richard Dawkins − | Year = 1995 − | Title = River Out of Eden − | Publisher = Basic Books − | ID = ISBN 0-465-06990-8 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dawkins − | Given = Richard − | Authorlink = Richard Dawkins − | Title = Is Science a Religion? − | Journal = Humanist − | Year = 1997 − | Date = January/February 1997 − | url = http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dawkins − | Given = Richard − | Authorlink = Richard Dawkins − | Year = 2006 − | Title = The God Delusion − | Publisher = Bantam Books − | ID = ISBN 0-618-68000-4 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dennett − | Given = Daniel − | Authorlink = Daniel Dennett − | Year = 1995 − | Title = Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life − | Publisher = Simon & Schuster − | ID = ISBN 978-0684802909 − | Pages = 592 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Desmond − | Given1 = Adrian − | Surname2 = Moore − | Given2 = James − | Authorlink2 = James Moore (biographer) − | Year = 1991 − | Title = Darwin − | Publisher = London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group − | ID = ISBN 0-7181-3430-3}} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Dewey − | Given = John − | Authorlink = John Dewey − | Editor = Martin Gardner − | Year = 1994 − | Title = Great Essays in Science − | Chapter = The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy − | Publisher = Prometheus Books − | ID = ISBN 0-87975-853-8 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Einstein − | Given = Albert − | Authorlink = Albert Einstein − | Title = Religion and Science − | Journal = New York Times Magazine − | Year = 1930 − | Date = 1930-11-09 − | Pages = 1-4 − | url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/einstein/einsci.htm − }} Retrieved on 2007-01-30 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Engber − | Given = Daniel − | Authorlink = Daniel Engber − | Year = 2005 − | Date = 2005-05-10 − | Title = Creationism vs. Intelligent Design: Is there a difference? − | Publisher = Slate / Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive − | URL = http://www.slate.com/id/2118388/ − }} Retrieved on 2007-01-29 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Faid − | Given = Robert W. − | Authorlink = Robert W. Faid − | Year = 1991 − | Title = A Scientific Approach to Christianity − | Publisher = New Leaf Press (AR) − | ID = ISBN 0-89221-186-5 − | Pages = 196 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = GCAG − | Given = General Council of the Assemblies of God of the United States − | Authorlink = General Council of the Assemblies of God of the United States − | Year = 1977 − | Date = 1977-08-17 − | Title = The Doctrine of Creation − | publisher = Gospel Publishing House − | URL = http://www.ag.org/top/Beliefs/Position_Papers/pp_downloads/pp_4177_creation.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-01-14 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Ghedotti − | Given = Michael J. − | Year = 2006 − | Date = 2006-03-11 − | Title = Evolutionary Biology at Regis, a Jesuit Catholic School − | Publisher = regis.edu − | URL = http://academic.regis.edu/mghedott/evolut.htm − }} Retrieved on 2007-02-05 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Hayward − | Given = James L. − | Year = 1998 − | Title = The Creation/Evolution Controversy : an Annotated Bibliography − | Publisher = Scarecrow Press/Salem Press − | Pages = 253 − | ID = ISBN 0-8108-3386-7 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | last = Hennigan − | first = Tom − | title = An Initial Investigation into the Baraminology of Snakes − | journal = Creation Research Society Quarterly − | pages = 153-160 − | year = 2005 − | date = December 2005 − | url = http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/42/42_3/CRSQ%2012-05%20Snakes%20article.pdf − }}Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Hodge − | Given = Charles − | Authorlink = Charles Hodge − | Title = What is Darwinism? − | Year = 1874 − | Publisher = Scribner, Armstrong, and Company − | ID = ASIN B0006AEEMO − | URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19192/19192-8.txt − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Hovind − | Given = Kent − | Authorlink = Kent Hovind − | Year = 2006 − | Title = Dr. Hovind's $250,000 Offer − | Publisher = Creation Science Evangelism − | URL = http://www.drdino.com/articles.php?spec=67 − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Huxley − | Given = Thomas H. − | Authorlink = Thomas Huxley − | Year = 1902 − | Title = An Episcopal Trilogy 1887 − | Journal = Collected Essays Science and Christian Tradition − | Volume = V − | Pages = 126-159 − | URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15905/15905-8.txt − | Publisher = Kessinger Publishing − | ID = ISBN 978-1417973729 }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Huxley − | Given1 = Thomas H. − | Authorlink1 = Thomas Huxley − | Surname2 = Huxley − | Given2 = Leonard − | Authorlink2 = Leonard Huxley (writer) − | Year = 1975 − | Title = Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley − | Volume = 1 − | URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5084 − | Publisher = Ams Pr Inc − | ID = ISBN 0404149804 }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = IAP − | Given = Interacademy Panel − | Year = 2006 − | Date = 2006-06-21 − | Title = IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution − | publisher = interacademies.net − | URL = http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Johnson − | Given = Phillip E. − | Authorlink = Phillip E. Johnson − | Year = 1998 − | Title = Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law & Education − | Publisher = IntervaVsity Press − | ID = ISBN 0-8308-1929-0 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Johnson − | Given = Phillip E. − | Authorlink = Phillip E. Johnson − | Year = 1993 − | Title = Darwin on Trial − | Edition = 2nd − | Publisher = InterVarsity Press − | ID = ISBN 0-8308-1324-1 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Kofahl − | Given = Robert E. − | Year = 1989 − | Date = June, 1989 − | Title = The Hierarchy of Conceptual Levels For Scientific Thought And Research − | Journal = CRS Quarterly − | Volume = 26 − | Number = 1 − | Publisher = The Creation Research Society − }} See [http://creationresearch.org/crsq/abstracts/sum26_1.html abstract] Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Larson − | Given1 = Edward J. − | Authorlink1 = Edward J. Larson − | Surname2 = Witham − | Given2 = Larry − | Year = 1998 − | Title = Leading scientists still reject God − | Journal = Nature − | Page = 313 − | Publisher = Macmillan Publishers Ltd − | URL = http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Larson − | Given = Edward J. − | Authorlink = Edward J. Larson − | Year = 2004 − | Title = Evolution − | Publisher = Modern Library − | ID = ISBN 0-679-64288-9 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Lenski − | Given = Richard E. − | Year = 2000 − | Title = Evolution: Fact and Theory − | Publisher = AcitionBioscience.org − | URL = http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Martz − | Given1 = Larry − | Surname2 = McDaniel − | Given2 = Ann − | Year = 1987 − | Date = 1987-06-29 − | Title = Keeping God out of the Classroom (Washington and bureau reports) − | Journal = Newsweek − | Pages = 23-24 − | Volume = CIX − | Number = 26 − | Publisher = Newsweek Inc. − | ID = ISSN 0028-9604 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Matsumura − | Given = Molleen − | Authorlink = Molleen Matsumura − | Publisher = National Center for Science Education − | Year = 1998 − | Title = What Do Christians Really Believe About Evolution? − | Journal = Reports of the National Center About Evolution − | Volume = 18 − | Number = 2 − | Pages = 8-9 − | URL = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Image:Masumura_1998.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Morris − | Given = Henry M. − | Authorlink = Henry M. Morris − | Year = 2001 − | Title = Back to Genesis: How Not to Defend Evolution − | Publisher = Institute for Creation Research − | URL = http://www.icr.org/pdf/btg/btg-153.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Morris − | Given = Henry M. − | Authorlink = Henry M. Morris − | Year = 1982 − | Date = 1982-01-01 − | Title = Bible-Believing Scientists of the Past − | Journal = Impact − | Volume = 103 − | Publisher = Institute for Creation Research − | URL = http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=185 − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Myers − | Given = PZ − | Authorlink = PZ Myers − | Year = 2006 − | date = 2006-06-18 − | Title = Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution? − | Publisher = scienceblogs.com − | URL = http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/ann_coulter_no_evidence_for_ev.php − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Nelkin − | Given = Dorothy − | Authorlink = Dorothy Nelkin − | Year = 1982 − | Title = The Creation Controversy: Science or Scripture in the Schools − | Publisher = Norton − | Pages = 242 − | ID = ISBN 0393016358 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Numbers − | Given = Ronald L. − | year = 1992 − | title = Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism − | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. − | pages = 224 − | id = isbn 0-679-40104-0 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Numbers − | Given = Ronald L. − | Year = 1998 − | Date = 1998-11-15 − | Title = Darwinism Comes to America − | Publisher = Harvard University Press − | Pages = 224 − | ID = ISBN 0674193121 − }} − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname1 = Peters − | Given1 = Ted − | Surname2 = Hewlett − | Given2 = Martinez − | Year = 2005 − | Date = 2005-12-22 − | Title = The Evolution Controversy: Who's Fighting with Whom about What? − | Publisher = Pacific Luthern Theological Semiary − | URL = http://www.plts.edu/docs/EvolutionBrief2.pdf − }} Retrieved on 2007-05-08 − *{{Harvard reference − | Surname = Popper − | Given = Karl − | Authorlink = Karl Popper − | Year = 1976 − | Title = Unended Quest: An Intellecutal Autobiography − | Publisher = Open Court Publishing Co. − | ID = ISBN 0-87548-366-6 − }}
won't work....
== Creation-evolution controversy ==
The '''creation-evolution controversy''' is a recurring dispute a debate most prevalent in regions of the [[United States]] where it is often portrayed as part of the [[culture war]]s.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=247-263}} Chapter titled ''Modern Culture Wars''. See also {{hnb|Ruse|1999|p=26}}, who writes "One thing that historians delighted in showing is that, contrary to the usually held tale of science and religion being always opposed...religion and theologically inclined philosophy have frequently been very significant factors in the forward movement of science."</ref> While the controversy has a long history,<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=3-240}}</ref> today it primarily concerns what should be taught as [[science]] in schools, and what is good science.<ref>{{hnb|Peters & Hewlett|2005|Ref=CITEREFPetersHewlett2005|p=1}}</ref> In the [[United States]], the teaching of biological [[evolution]] in the public schools is a significant area of contention, while the teaching of alternatives such as [[creation science]] and intelligent design [[intelligent design|(ID)]] are other aspects of the dispute.
The '''creation-evolution controversy''' is a recurring dispute a debate most prevalent in regions of the [[United States]] where it is often portrayed as part of the [[culture war]]s.<ref>{{hnb|Larson|2004|p=247-263}} Chapter titled ''Modern Culture Wars''. See also {{hnb|Ruse|1999|p=26}}, who writes "One thing that historians delighted in showing is that, contrary to the usually held tale of science and religion being always opposed...religion and theologically inclined philosophy have frequently been very significant factors in the forward movement of science."</ref> While the controversy has a long history,<ref>{{hnb|Numbers|1992|p=3-240}}</ref> today it primarily concerns what should be taught as [[science]] in schools, and what is good science.<ref>{{hnb|Peters & Hewlett|2005|Ref=CITEREFPetersHewlett2005|p=1}}</ref> In the [[United States]], the teaching of biological [[evolution]] in the public schools is a significant area of contention, while the teaching of alternatives such as [[creation science]] and intelligent design [[intelligent design|(ID)]] are other aspects of the dispute.
In the first case, evolutionists argue that creationism should not be taught in the public schools because it is fundementally regligious in nature and not science. Creationists argue that evolution should not be taught because it is bad science or because it is an anti-theist ideology dressed up as science.<ref>{{hnb|Hayward|1998|p=2}}</ref> In the second case, concerned parents, educators, scientists, and other interested parties argue that creation science and intelligent design are not scientific; rather, they are viewed as thinly disguised schemes to introduce religion to the classroom. In the United States, recent court decisions have affirmed this position, consistently barring the introduction of creation science and intelligent design into public science curricula
In the first case, evolutionists argue that creationism should not be taught in the public schools because it is fundementally regligious in nature and not science. Creationists argue that evolution should not be taught because it is bad science or because it is an anti-theist ideology dressed up as science.<ref>{{hnb|Hayward|1998|p=2}}</ref> In the second case, concerned parents, educators, scientists, and other interested parties argue that creation science and intelligent design are not scientific; rather, they are viewed as thinly disguised schemes to introduce religion to the classroom. In the United States, recent court decisions have affirmed this position, consistently barring the introduction of creation science and intelligent design into public science curricula