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[[Image:Wp1.jpg|right|thumb|William Penn as a young soldier]]

[[Image:Wp1.jpg|right|thumb|William Penn as a young soldier]]

 

'''William Penn''' (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) is the father of [[Democracy]] in the United States; who [[Thomas Jefferson]] called "the greatest law giver the world has produced."<ref name=phmc>Ries, Linda A. & Stewart, Jane S. "[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DAM/charter/charter.html This Venerable Document]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>  He was a pacifist [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] whose founding of the [[Christian]] government of [[Pennsylvania]] in 1682 inspired the later [[United States of America]]; his family kept ownership of it until the American Revolution.<ref>Engels, A. "[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/penn.html William Penn]." ''Discovers Web''. Technical University Eindhoven.</ref> {{cquote|If thou wouldst rule well, thou must rule for God, and to do that, thou must be ruled by him....''Those who will not be governed by God will be ruled by tyrants.

'''William Penn''' (October 14, 1644 - July 30, 1718) is the father of [[Democracy]] in the United States; who [[Thomas Jefferson]] called "the greatest law giver the world has produced."<ref name=phmc>Ries, Linda A. & Stewart, Jane S. "[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DAM/charter/charter.html This Venerable Document]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>  He was a pacifist [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] whose founding of the [[Christian]] government of [[Pennsylvania]] in 1682 inspired the later [[United States of America]]; his family kept ownership of it until the American Revolution.<ref>Engels, A. "[http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/penn.html William Penn]." ''Discovers Web''. Technical University Eindhoven.</ref> {{cquote|If thou wouldst rule well, thou must rule for God, and to do that, thou must be ruled by him....''Those who will not be governed by God will be ruled by tyrants.

-William Penn [http://www.chuckbaldwinlive.com/founding.html#wp]}} Penn's new government originated the principles of [[Representative Government|representative government]], [[Separation of Church and State|separation of church and state]], and elimination of nobility and ranks,<ref name=phmc /> while producing almost exactly a century before the [[U.S. Constitution]] concepts such as an elected 2-house Congress to pass bills, religious freedom, freedom of speech, and a [[Bill of Rights]]. He also, in 1693, drafted a lengthy proposal for a future European Union or as he called it, a "European League, or Confederacy".<ref>Penn, William (1693). "[http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/penn.pdf An Essay  Towards  the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates]."</ref> {{cquote|William Penn might, with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions.  -[[Voltaire]]<ref name=powell>Powell, Jim. [http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]." ''The Freeman'': Ideas on Liberty.</ref>}}

-William Penn [http://www.chuckbaldwinlive.com/founding.html#wp]}} Penn's new government originated the principles of [[Representative Government|representative government]], [[Separation of Church and State|separation of church and state]], and elimination of nobility and ranks,<ref name=phmc /> while producing almost exactly a century before the [[U.S. Constitution]] concepts such as an elected 2-house Congress to pass bills, religious freedom, freedom of speech, and a [[Bill of Rights]]. He also, in 1693, drafted a lengthy proposal for a future European Union or as he called it, a "European League, or Confederacy".<ref>Penn, William (1693). "[http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/penn.pdf An Essay  Towards  the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates]."</ref> {{cquote|William Penn might, with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions.  -[[Voltaire]]<ref name=powell>Powell, Jim. [http://www.quaker.org/wmpenn.html William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace]." ''The Freeman'': Ideas on Liberty.</ref>}}

This new affiliation shocked the high society to which Penn belonged because the Quakers at the time were an intensely persecuted faction, yet he nevertheless maintained standing in the king's court because the Duke of York (future [[King James II]]) trusted him.<ref name=founding>"[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=4281&&PageID=478727&level=4&css=L4&mode=2 The Quaker Province: 1681-1776 - The Founding of Pennsylvania]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>

This new affiliation shocked the high society to which Penn belonged because the Quakers at the time were an intensely persecuted faction, yet he nevertheless maintained standing in the king's court because the Duke of York (future [[King James II]]) trusted him.<ref name=founding>"[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=4281&&PageID=478727&level=4&css=L4&mode=2 The Quaker Province: 1681-1776 - The Founding of Pennsylvania]." Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>

====Pacifism====

====Pacifism====

Quakerism is a traditionally a pacifist religion. William Penn asked [[George Fox]], the founder of Quakerism, whether that meant that he should stop carrying his sword. Fox answered, "carry it as long as you can". He meant that Penn should '''not''' become a pacifist just because it is expected of Quakers. Fox told Penn to wait until he became personally convinced ''for himself'' that war was wrong, rather than doing it in response to what we would today call "peer pressure".

Quakerism is a traditionally a pacifist religion. William Penn asked [[George Fox]], the founder of Quakerism, whether that meant that he should stop carrying his sword. Fox answered, "carry it as long as you can". He meant that Penn should '''not''' become a pacifist just because it is expected of Quakers. Fox told Penn to wait until he became personally convinced ''for himself'' that war was wrong, rather than doing it in response to what we would today call "peer pressure".

===Marriage===

===Marriage===

In 1668, staying with the Quaker family of Isaac Penington of Buckinghamshire, Penn was introduced to Penington's step-daughter, Gulielma Maria Springett, and it was virtually love at first sight. Thomas Elwood, the literary secretary of poet John Milton, would note her "innocently open, free and familiar Conversation, springing from the abundant Affability, Courtesy and Sweetness of her natural Temper." They were wed on April 4, 1672, and she would bear 8 children, only 3 of whom lived to adulthood, Springer, Laetitia, and William.<ref name=dubosky /> Gulielma died on February 24, 1964. On March 5, 1696, William Penn was married once more, to Hannah Callowhill, who would bear 6 children. In 1984, William and Hannah Penn were made the 3rd and 4th honorary citizens of the United States through act of Congress.<ref name=assembly>"[http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-20 Hannah Callowhill Penn Historical Marker]." ''ExplorePAHistory.com''.</ref>

In 1668, staying with the Quaker family of Isaac Penington of Buckinghamshire, Penn was introduced to Penington's step-daughter, Gulielma Maria Springett, and it was virtually love at first sight. Thomas Elwood, the literary secretary of poet John Milton, would note her "innocently open, free and familiar Conversation, springing from the abundant Affability, Courtesy and Sweetness of her natural Temper." They were wed on April 4, 1672, and she would bear 8 children, only 3 of whom lived to adulthood, Springer, Laetitia, and William.<ref name=dubosky /> Gulielma died on February 24, 1964. On March 5, 1696, William Penn was married once more, to Hannah Callowhill, who would bear 6 children. In 1984, William and Hannah Penn were made the 3rd and 4th honorary citizens of the United States through act of Congress.<ref name=assembly>"[http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-20 Hannah Callowhill Penn Historical Marker]." ''ExplorePAHistory.com''.</ref>

 

===Tower of London===

===Tower of London===

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668-1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

Penn's attack on the [[Anglicanism|Anglican Church's]] doctrine of the [[Trinity]] led to a 7-month imprisonment in the famed [[Tower of London]] from 1668-1669 by an Anglican bishop.<ref name=janney>Janney, Samuel M. (1882). "[http://www.ushistory.org/penn/pennnj.htm The Life of William Penn]." 6th ed.</ref> Rather than recant, Penn declared from his cell, {{cquote|My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man.}}

While ahead of its time, in guaranteeing freedom of religion to all Christians - thus attracting numerous Mennonites, Amish, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Calvinists, Moravians, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, Welsh Baptists, Irish Catholics, and Missionary Anglicans, the government did not guarantee true freedom of religion as we think of it today. Atheists were excluded, while Jews and other non-Christians could not hold office or vote.<ref name=Godinamerica />

While ahead of its time, in guaranteeing freedom of religion to all Christians - thus attracting numerous Mennonites, Amish, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Calvinists, Moravians, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, Welsh Baptists, Irish Catholics, and Missionary Anglicans, the government did not guarantee true freedom of religion as we think of it today. Atheists were excluded, while Jews and other non-Christians could not hold office or vote.<ref name=Godinamerica />

=== Frame of government ===

=== Frame of government ===

: ''Main Article:  [[Province of Pennsylvania]]''

: ''Main Article:  [[Province of Pennsylvania]]''

* Employee protections against overwork,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIX.</ref> reimbursement for defrauded employers,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIII.</ref> and registry of employment information including names, times, wages, and days of employment.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIII.</ref>

* Employee protections against overwork,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIX.</ref> reimbursement for defrauded employers,<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXXIII.</ref> and registry of employment information including names, times, wages, and days of employment.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXIII.</ref>

* Government accountability, any officials found guilty of fraud were to pay double damages and dismissed of their offices.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXI.</ref>

* Government accountability, any officials found guilty of fraud were to pay double damages and dismissed of their offices.<ref>"[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp Frame of Government of Pennsylvania]." 'Laws Agreed Upon in England, &c.' XXI.</ref>

==== Christian Foundation ====

==== Christian Foundation ====

The Preamble's beginning was unapologetically Christian in tone, plainly revealing its foundation of government to be based on Biblical principles. The final word in the Preamble, apart from Penn's name, is "Amen". The following are the 1st three paragraphs of the Preamble: {{cquote|When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures it pleased him to choose man his deputy to rule it; and to fit him for so great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and power but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was equally his honor and his happiness; and whilst he stood here, all went well; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means, the precept of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his innocency. But lust prevailing against duty made a lamentable breach upon it; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live comformable to the holy law within should fall under the reproof and correction of the just law without in a judicial administration.

The Preamble's beginning was unapologetically Christian in tone, plainly revealing its foundation of government to be based on Biblical principles. The final word in the Preamble, apart from Penn's name, is "Amen". The following are the 1st three paragraphs of the Preamble: {{cquote|When the great and wise God had made the world, of all his creatures it pleased him to choose man his deputy to rule it; and to fit him for so great a charge and trust, he did not only qualify him with skill and power but with integrity to use them justly. This native goodness was equally his honor and his happiness; and whilst he stood here, all went well; there was no need of coercive or compulsive means, the precept of divine love and truth, in his bosom, was the guide and keeper of his innocency. But lust prevailing against duty made a lamentable breach upon it; and the law, that before had no power over him, took place upon him, and his disobedient posterity, that such as would not live comformable to the holy law within should fall under the reproof and correction of the just law without in a judicial administration.

== Later life ==

== Later life ==

A friend of King James II, Penn was on the losing side of the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 and lost control of his province in 1692; it was restored to him in 1694. His wife died in 1694 and he remarried in 1696. His fourth "Frame of Government" of 1701 was notable for its liberalism, being the constitution of colonial Pennsylvania. His last years were filled with financial misfortune and included a term in debtors' prison in England.

A friend of King James II, Penn was on the losing side of the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 and lost control of his province in 1692; it was restored to him in 1694. His wife died in 1694 and he remarried in 1696. His fourth "Frame of Government" of 1701 was notable for its liberalism, being the constitution of colonial Pennsylvania. His last years were filled with financial misfortune and included a term in debtors' prison in England.

== Death ==

== Death ==

William Penn died on July 30, 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, following a series of strokes.<ref name=dubosky />

William Penn died on July 30, 1718, in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, following a series of strokes.<ref name=dubosky />

==Quotes==

==Quotes==

* “If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants." or "Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruled by God or tyrants? |author=Bradlee Dean |publisher= Conservative News and Views |date=29 May 2015 |url=https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/05/29/clergy/ruled-by-god-or-tyrants/ |accessdate= 31 May 2015|quote=William Penn once said men must choose: if God does not rule them, tyrants will. Recent events prove that maxim...Now, I hope you can understand why William Penn stated, “Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants.”}}</ref>

* "If we will not be governed by God, we must be governed by tyrants." or "Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruled by God or tyrants? |author=Bradlee Dean |publisher= Conservative News and Views |date=29 May 2015 |url=https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/05/29/clergy/ruled-by-god-or-tyrants/ |accessdate= 31 May 2015|quote=William Penn once said men must choose: if God does not rule them, tyrants will. Recent events prove that maxim...Now, I hope you can understand why William Penn stated, “Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants.”}}</ref>

* "Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it."<ref>{{cite web |title= Quotations from William Penn: The essence of the man |publisher=ushistory.org |url=http://www.ushistory.org/penn/quotes.htm |accessdate= 31 May 2015}}</ref>

* "Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it."<ref>{{cite web |title= Quotations from William Penn: The essence of the man |publisher=ushistory.org |url=http://www.ushistory.org/penn/quotes.htm |accessdate= 31 May 2015}}</ref>

* "Truth never lost ground by enquiry."

* "Truth never lost ground by enquiry."

* “A nation is not great by virtue of its wealth, but by the wealth of its virtue.”

* "A nation is not great by virtue of its wealth, but by the wealth of its virtue."

* “since Religion itself is nothing else but Love to God and Man,” and “For where there is not Love; there is Fear: But perfect Love casts out fear. Love is above all; and when it prevails in us all, we shall all be Lovely, and in Love with God and one with another."

* "since Religion itself is nothing else but Love to God and Man," and "For where there is not Love; there is Fear: But perfect Love casts out fear. Love is above all; and when it prevails in us all, we shall all be Lovely, and in Love with God and one with another."

== References ==

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== See also ==

== See also ==