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'''Herbert Clark Hoover'''<ref>http://home.comcast.net/~sharonday7/Presidents/AP060301.htm</ref> was the 31st [[President of the United States of America]] 1929-33, a "big-government Republican"<ref>[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/book-reviews/the-politically-incorrect-guide-to-the-great-depression-and-the-new-deal/ The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Great Depression and the New Deal | reviewed in ''The Freeman'']</ref> whose economic policies accelerated the collapse of the U.S. economy into the [[Great Depression]]. He was defeated for reelection by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in a major realignment that marked the beginning of the [[New Deal]] and the [[Fifth Party System]]. Hoover lived another three decades, leading the isolationists in foreign policy and working with his friend President [[Harry S. Truman]] to reform the federal bureaucracy. He was a bitterly reviled target of liberal and Democratic hatreds, while hailed by conservatives as a great, albeit tragic, American hero.

'''Herbert Clark Hoover'''<ref>http://home.comcast.net/~sharonday7/Presidents/AP060301.htm</ref> was the 31st [[President of the United States of America]] 1929–33, a "big-government Republican"<ref>[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/book-reviews/the-politically-incorrect-guide-to-the-great-depression-and-the-new-deal/ The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Great Depression and the New Deal | reviewed in ''The Freeman'']</ref> whose economic policies accelerated the collapse of the U.S. economy into the [[Great Depression]]. He was defeated for reelection by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in a major realignment that marked the beginning of the [[New Deal]] and the [[Fifth Party System]]. Hoover lived another three decades, leading the isolationists in foreign policy and working with his friend President [[Harry S. Truman]] to reform the federal bureaucracy. He was a bitterly reviled target of liberal and Democratic hatreds, while hailed by conservatives as a great, albeit tragic, American hero.

Hoover, building a world reputation as a humanitarian for his successful efforts to prevent starvation in Europe in the wake of [[World War I]], and his remarkable leadership of the business community as Secretary of Commerce (1921–28), was  the major political leader of the [[Progressive Era]] in the 1920s. His name was a byword for devotion to duty, efficiency, and humanitarian public service.  His reputation fell when he was unable to reverse the [[Great Depression]], and he became the object of attacks by Democrats for the next four decades.  He was a hero to most conservatives, including senators [[Robert Taft]] and [[Barry Goldwater]].

Hoover, building a world reputation as a humanitarian for his successful efforts to prevent starvation in Europe in the wake of [[World War I]], and his remarkable leadership of the business community as Secretary of Commerce (1921–28), was  the major political leader of the [[Progressive Era]] in the 1920s. His name was a byword for devotion to duty, efficiency, and humanitarian public service.  His reputation fell when he was unable to reverse the [[Great Depression]], and he became the object of attacks by Democrats for the next four decades.  He was a hero to most conservatives, including senators [[Robert Taft]] and [[Barry Goldwater]].

Hoover turned the 1929 stock market crash into an international economic disaster.

Hoover turned the 1929 stock market crash into an international economic disaster.

* ... the Hoover interventions include: expanded [[public works]], greater [[government control]] over agriculture, the [[Smoot-Hawley tariff]], a virtual end to [[immigration]], [[government loans]] for construction and other businesses ...  Most important was Hoover’s pressuring businesses to not cut wages even as the prices of their output fell.  The result was higher real wages, which were responsible for the [[unemployment rate]] topping out at 25 percent, causing the greatest human toll of the [[Great Depression]]. [http://www.thefreemanonline.org/headline/fdr-advisers-knew/]

* ... the Hoover interventions include: expanded [[public works]], greater [[government control]] over agriculture, the [[Smoot-Hawley tariff]], a virtual end to [[immigration]], [[government loans]] for construction and other businesses ...  Most important was Hoover's pressuring businesses to not cut wages even as the prices of their output fell.  The result was higher real wages, which were responsible for the [[unemployment rate]] topping out at 25 percent, causing the greatest human toll of the [[Great Depression]]. [http://www.thefreemanonline.org/headline/fdr-advisers-knew/]

{{Hoover free markets}}

{{Hoover free markets}}

Coolidge stunned the nation with 12 words announcing he did not choose to run again in 1928. Hoover was the obvious choice of the party and easily won nomination, against the popular governor of New York, [[Al Smith]]. Smith was a Catholic, which alarmed fundamentalist Baptist in the South and Lutherans in the Midwest. Smith was honest but was the product of the notoriously corrupt [[Tammany Hall]] machine. Smith wanted to repeal prohibition and allow saloons to reopen; Hoover, calling prohibition an "experiment" ("a noble experiment") opposed repeal.  

Coolidge stunned the nation with 12 words announcing he did not choose to run again in 1928. Hoover was the obvious choice of the party and easily won nomination, against the popular governor of New York, [[Al Smith]]. Smith was a Catholic, which alarmed fundamentalist Baptist in the South and Lutherans in the Midwest. Smith was honest but was the product of the notoriously corrupt [[Tammany Hall]] machine. Smith wanted to repeal prohibition and allow saloons to reopen; Hoover, calling prohibition an "experiment" ("a noble experiment") opposed repeal.  

Hoover’s reputation, experience, and popularity together, along with the GOP record of peace and prosperity, made him the overwhelming favorite, especially since the Democrats were deeply split north and south over prohibition.  Hoover avoided the religious issue. (Quakers were themselves sometimes under attack as pacifists.) Historians agree that Hoover's reputation nationwide and the economic boom, combined with the deep chasm among the Democrats over religion and prohibition, led to his landslide victory.

Hoover's reputation, experience, and popularity together, along with the GOP record of peace and prosperity, made him the overwhelming favorite, especially since the Democrats were deeply split north and south over prohibition.  Hoover avoided the religious issue. (Quakers were themselves sometimes under attack as pacifists.) Historians agree that Hoover's reputation nationwide and the economic boom, combined with the deep chasm among the Democrats over religion and prohibition, led to his landslide victory.

On the issue of poverty Hoover optimistically promised, "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land."

On the issue of poverty Hoover optimistically promised, "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land."

===Mortgages===

===Mortgages===

Hoover had played a major role in creating the long-term (20-year) mortgage in the 1920s. In times of prosperity mortgages accelerated national growth, as houses were built and lived in before people had saved enough to pay cash for one.  But in a downturn mortgages debt hurt the economy. people sacrificed current consumption to pay the mortgage so they would not lose the house and all the money they put in it. To pay the mortgage they gave up luxuries (like a telephone or new car), made do with old clothes, canceled vacations. The foreclosure rate pushed up and construction of new houses ceased.  It was much like 2008-09.  Like President Obama, Hoover moved to resolve the mortgage crisis. He called for the Federal Home Loan Bank Act (passed in  July 1932), that created a system of federal home loan banks to discount home mortgages. The Federal Home Loan Banks received $125 million in capital (comparable to $32 billion in 2009) to fund the home mortgages held by financial concerns.<ref>The "comparable" figures here are calculating by taking the same % of the GDP in 2009 as the sum was a % of GDP in 1930, 1931 or 1932.  This can be found by using these multipliers: to compare spending in 1929 versus 2009, multiply by 146; use 167 in 1930; 197 in 1931; 259 in 1932, and 268 in 1933.</ref>  Hoover believed that the ability of private lending institutions to secure new sources of capital would encourage them to make more construction loans and revive the industry. But it had little effect.

Hoover had played a major role in creating the long-term (20-year) mortgage in the 1920s. In times of prosperity mortgages accelerated national growth, as houses were built and lived in before people had saved enough to pay cash for one.  But in a downturn mortgages debt hurt the economy. people sacrificed current consumption to pay the mortgage so they would not lose the house and all the money they put in it. To pay the mortgage they gave up luxuries (like a telephone or new car), made do with old clothes, canceled vacations. The foreclosure rate pushed up and construction of new houses ceased.  It was much like 2008–09.  Like President Obama, Hoover moved to resolve the mortgage crisis. He called for the Federal Home Loan Bank Act (passed in  July 1932), that created a system of federal home loan banks to discount home mortgages. The Federal Home Loan Banks received $125 million in capital (comparable to $32 billion in 2009) to fund the home mortgages held by financial concerns.<ref>The "comparable" figures here are calculating by taking the same % of the GDP in 2009 as the sum was a % of GDP in 1930, 1931 or 1932.  This can be found by using these multipliers: to compare spending in 1929 versus 2009, multiply by 146; use 167 in 1930; 197 in 1931; 259 in 1932, and 268 in 1933.</ref>  Hoover believed that the ability of private lending institutions to secure new sources of capital would encourage them to make more construction loans and revive the industry. But it had little effect.

===Reconstruction Finance Corporation===

===Reconstruction Finance Corporation===

* Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. ''The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal'' (1974).

* Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. ''The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal'' (1974).

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice'' (1981). A major reinterpretation.

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice'' (1981). A major reinterpretation.

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928." ''Journal of American History'' 61 (1974): 116-140. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918256  in JSTOR]

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928." ''Journal of American History'' 61 (1974): 116–140. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918256  in JSTOR]

* Hoff-Wilson, Joan. ''Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive.'' (1975). short favorable biography

* Hoff-Wilson, Joan. ''Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive.'' (1975). short favorable biography

* Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945'' (1999), the major scholarly synthesis [http://www.questia.com/read/52284041 online edition]

* Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945'' (1999), the major scholarly synthesis [http://www.questia.com/read/52284041 online edition]

* Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. ''Herbert Hoover: President of the United States.'' (1976), conservative views

* Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. ''Herbert Hoover: President of the United States.'' (1976), conservative views

* Romasco, Albert U. ''The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression'' (1965).

* Romasco, Albert U. ''The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression'' (1965).

* Smith, Richard Norton. ''An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover'', (1987), major biography, especially useful for 1933-64.

* Smith, Richard Norton. ''An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover'', (1987), major biography, especially useful for 1933–64.

* Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. ''The Hoover Policies.'' (1937). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members.

* Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. ''The Hoover Policies.'' (1937). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members.

* Best, Gary Dean. ''The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918-1921'' (1975) [http://www.questia.com/read/15384473 online edition]

* Best, Gary Dean. ''The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918-1921'' (1975) [http://www.questia.com/read/15384473 online edition]

* Bornet, Vaughn Davis, ''An Uncommon President.'' In: Herbert Hoover Reassessed. (1981), pp.&nbsp;71–88.  

* Bornet, Vaughn Davis, ''An Uncommon President.'' In: Herbert Hoover Reassessed. (1981), pp.&nbsp;71–88.  

*Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1933" ''Historian'' 1999 61(3): 518-538. Issn: 0018-2370  

*Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1933" ''Historian'' 1999 61(3): 518–538. Issn: 0018-2370  

* Burner, David. ''Herbert Hoover: A Public Life''. (1979). good one-volume biography.

* Burner, David. ''Herbert Hoover: A Public Life''. (1979). good one-volume biography.

* Calder, James D. ''The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy: Herbert Hoover's Initiatives'' Praeger, 1993.  

* Calder, James D. ''The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy: Herbert Hoover's Initiatives'' Praeger, 1993.  

* Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: the Failure of Apologia" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1998 28(2): 349-365. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001348651?title=Herbert%20Hoover%20and%20the%20Presidential%20Campaign%20of%201932%3a%20The%20Failure%20of%20Apologia online edition]

* Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: the Failure of Apologia" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1998 28(2): 349–365. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001348651?title=Herbert%20Hoover%20and%20the%20Presidential%20Campaign%20of%201932%3a%20The%20Failure%20of%20Apologia online edition]

* Clements, Kendrick A.  ''Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life.'' U. Press of Kansas, 2000.  

* Clements, Kendrick A.  ''Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life.'' U. Press of Kansas, 2000.  

* Darling, Jay N. ''As Ding Saw Herbert Hoover'' (1996) editorial cartoons by Darling (mostly pro-Hoover) [https://www.amazon.com/Ding-Herbert-Hoover-Heritage-Collection/dp/0813823439/ref=sr_1_34/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193933525&sr=1-34 excerpt and text search]  

* Darling, Jay N. ''As Ding Saw Herbert Hoover'' (1996) editorial cartoons by Darling (mostly pro-Hoover) [https://www.amazon.com/Ding-Herbert-Hoover-Heritage-Collection/dp/0813823439/ref=sr_1_34/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193933525&sr=1-34 excerpt and text search]  

* Gaddis, Vincent. ''Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere: A Conceptual History, 1919–1933.'' (University Press of America, 2005. xxx, 180 pp. isbn 0-7618-3235-1.)

* Gaddis, Vincent. ''Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere: A Conceptual History, 1919–1933.'' (University Press of America, 2005. xxx, 180 pp. isbn 0-7618-3235-1.)

* Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed., ''Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-1923'' (1979).

* Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed., ''Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-1923'' (1979).

* Goodman, Mark and Gring, Mark. "The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927" ''Journalism History'' 2000 26(3): 117-124.  

* Goodman, Mark and Gring, Mark. "The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927" ''Journalism History'' 2000 26(3): 117–124.  

* Hamilton, David E. ''From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933.'' (1991).  

* Hamilton, David E. ''From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933.'' (1991).  

* Hart, David M. "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States." ''Journal of Policy History'' 1998 10(4): 419-444.  

* Hart, David M. "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States." ''Journal of Policy History'' 1998 10(4): 419–444.  

* Hatfield, Mark. ed. ''Herbert Hoover Reassessed'' (2002).

* Hatfield, Mark. ed. ''Herbert Hoover Reassessed'' (2002).

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice'' (1981). A major reinterpretation by leading conservative historian

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice'' (1981). A major reinterpretation by leading conservative historian

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover and the Historians'' (1989).

* Hawley, Ellis. ''Herbert Hoover and the Historians'' (1989).

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928." ''Journal of American History'' 61 (1974): 116-140.

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928." ''Journal of American History'' 61 (1974): 116–140.

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover and Modern American History: Fifty Years Later," in ''Herbert Hoover Reassessed'',

* Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover and Modern American History: Fifty Years Later," in ''Herbert Hoover Reassessed'',

* Hoff-Wilson, Joan. ''Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive.'' (1975). short biography

* Hoff-Wilson, Joan. ''Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive.'' (1975). short biography

* Houck, Davis W. "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2000 3(2): 155-181. Issn: 1094-8392  

* Houck, Davis W. "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2000 3(2): 155–181. Issn: 1094-8392  

* Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal" ''Journal of Policy History'' 1997 9(2): 184-210  

* Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal" ''Journal of Policy History'' 1997 9(2): 184-210  

* Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921-1926," ''Business History Review'', Vol. 58, No. 1, Transportation (Spring, 1984), pp.&nbsp;78–102  [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3114529 in JSTOR]

* Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921-1926," ''Business History Review'', Vol. 58, No. 1, Transportation (Spring, 1984), pp.&nbsp;78–102  [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3114529 in JSTOR]

* Romasco, Albert U. ''The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression'' (1965).

* Romasco, Albert U. ''The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression'' (1965).

* Schwarz, Jordan A. ''The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression.'' (1970). Hostile to Hoover.

* Schwarz, Jordan A. ''The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression.'' (1970). Hostile to Hoover.

* Short, Brant. "The Rhetoric of the Post-Presidency: Herbert Hoover's Campaign against the New Deal, 1934-1936," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 21, no. 1 (1991): 33-50.  

* Short, Brant. "The Rhetoric of the Post-Presidency: Herbert Hoover's Campaign against the New Deal, 1934-1936," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 21, no. 1 (1991): 33–50.  

* Smith, Richard Norton. ''An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover'', (1987) covers 1933-64.

* Smith, Richard Norton. ''An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover'', (1987) covers 1933–64.

* Sobel, Robert.  ''Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929-1930'' (1975).

* Sobel, Robert.  ''Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929-1930'' (1975).

* Spragens, William, and Linda J. Lear, "Herbert Hoover," in ''Popular Images of American Presidents,'' ed. William Spragens (1988)  

* Spragens, William, and Linda J. Lear, "Herbert Hoover," in ''Popular Images of American Presidents,'' ed. William Spragens (1988)