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[[File:Shakespeare f. Reuters.jpg|thumb|200px|In 1996, computer style analysis at the [[Shakespeare]] Clinic at Claremont College in California compared Shakespeare's writing to that of a corpus of twenty-six Elizabethan authors, including Bacon, Marlowe and Oxford. <ref>Ward Elliott and Robert Valenza, "[http://shakespeareauthorship.com/elval.html Was the Earl of Oxford the true Shakespeare? A Computer-aided analysis]" (1991)<br/>
Elliott and Valenza, "[http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ571023 And Then There Were None: Winnowing the Shakespeare Claimants]", ''Computers and the Humanities'', v30 n3 p191-245 1996. For a summary, see [http://www.shakespeareauthorship.com/ox6.html here].<br/>Elliott and Valenza, "[https://www.academia.edu/612631/Oxford_by_the_Numbers_What_Are_the_Odds_That_the_Earl_of_Oxford_Could_Have_Written_Shakespeares_Poems_and_Plays Oxford by the Numbers: What Are the Odds That the Earl of Oxford Could Have Written Shakespeare's Poems and Plays?]. (2004) "The odds that either could have written the other’s work are much lower than the odds of getting hit by lightning."</ref>]]
According to the article ''Introduction to '''stylometry''' with Python'' by François Dominic Laramée:
According to the article ''Introduction to '''stylometry''' with Python'' by François Dominic Laramée:
{{Cquote|Stylometry is the quantitative study of literary style through computational distant reading methods. It is based on the observation that authors tend to write in relatively consistent, recognizable and unique ways. For example:
{{Cquote|Stylometry is the quantitative study of literary style through computational distant reading methods. It is based on the observation that authors tend to write in relatively consistent, recognizable and unique ways. For example:
In literary criticism, close reading describes a sustained attention to the text, looking at word choice, syntax, and particular images, to reveal meaning. This methodology came out of New Criticism and does not rely on historical or biographical research, intending to analyze the complexities of the individual text instead.
In literary criticism, close reading describes a sustained attention to the text, looking at word choice, syntax, and particular images, to reveal meaning. This methodology came out of New Criticism and does not rely on historical or biographical research, intending to analyze the complexities of the individual text instead.
'''Distant reading'''
'''Distant reading'''
{{Cquote|Statistical methods have been widely employed to study the fundamental properties of language. In recent years, methods from complex and dynamical systems proved useful to create several language models. Despite the large amount of studies devoted to represent texts with physical models, only a limited number of studies have shown how the properties of the underlying physical systems can be employed to improve the performance of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, I address this problem by devising complex networks methods that are able to improve the performance of current statistical methods. Using a fuzzy classification strategy, I show that the topological properties extracted from texts complement the traditional textual description. In several cases, the performance obtained with hybrid approaches outperformed the results obtained when only traditional or networked methods were used. Because the proposed model is generic, the framework devised here could be straightforwardly used to study similar textual applications where the topology plays a pivotal role in the description of the interacting agents.<ref>Amancio DR (2015) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136076 A Complex Network Approach to Stylometry]. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0136076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136076</ref>}}
{{Cquote|Statistical methods have been widely employed to study the fundamental properties of language. In recent years, methods from complex and dynamical systems proved useful to create several language models. Despite the large amount of studies devoted to represent texts with physical models, only a limited number of studies have shown how the properties of the underlying physical systems can be employed to improve the performance of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, I address this problem by devising complex networks methods that are able to improve the performance of current statistical methods. Using a fuzzy classification strategy, I show that the topological properties extracted from texts complement the traditional textual description. In several cases, the performance obtained with hybrid approaches outperformed the results obtained when only traditional or networked methods were used. Because the proposed model is generic, the framework devised here could be straightforwardly used to study similar textual applications where the topology plays a pivotal role in the description of the interacting agents.<ref>Amancio DR (2015) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136076 A Complex Network Approach to Stylometry]. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0136076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136076</ref>}}
== Author obfuscation methods ==
== Author obfuscation methods and tools ==
The are a number of free online article rewriters or paid programs which rewrite articles. The most rudimentary programs simply replace words with synonyms. More advanced programs change the complexity of the sentence structures.
The are a number of free online article rewriters or paid programs which rewrite articles. The most rudimentary programs simply replace words with synonyms. More advanced programs change the complexity of the sentence structures.