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→Richard Dawkins and his stress related stroke
See: [[Richard Dawkins' health|Richard Dawkins and his stress related stroke]]
See: [[Richard Dawkins' health|Richard Dawkins and his stress related stroke]]
== Atheism, penile cancer and machismo ==
See also: [[Atheism and penile cancer]]
[[File:220px-Mars symbol.svg.png|thumbnail|right|255px|The symbol of the Roman god Mars (the god of war) is frequently used to represent the male sex.
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The medical journal article ''Risk Factors and Prevalence of Penile Cancer'' states:"...in a society where masculinity is defined by and associated with the presence of the phallus, penile cancer affects male self-esteem and may lead to depression. The vexing issue with penile cancer lies in the fact that it is a largely preventable disease, where significant risk factors are modifiable."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663967/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20of%20America,per%20100%20000%20(1). Risk Factors and Prevalence of Penile Cancer], West Indian Med Journal. 2014 Oct; 63(6): 559–560, Published online 2015 Jul 28. doi: 10.7727/wimj.2015.381</ref> See also: [[Atheism and depression]] and [[Atheism and self-esteem]] ]]
According to WebMD, "[[Penile cancer]], or [[cancer]] of the penis, is when cells grow out of control on or in a man’s penis."
There are a number of practices positively correlated to [[atheism]]/irreligion that increases an individuals risk for penile cancer as can be seen below.
Some of the risk factors related to the development of penile cancer are: lack of male [[circumcision]], sexual [[promiscuity]], [[HPV]] virus, [[AIDS]], [[homosexuality]] (see: [[Homosexuality and AIDS]]), smoking, [[obesity]], being over the age of 60, and [[bestiality]].<ref>
*[https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html Risk Factors for Penile Cancer]
*[https://www.webmd.com/cancer/penile-cancer-overview#1 Penile Cancer], WebMD
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5844624/#:~:text=Promiscuous%20sexual%20behaviour%20can%20increase,et%20al.%2C%202013). Increased Risk of Penile Cancer among Men Working in Agriculture]'', Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018; 19(1): 237–241. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.1.237
*''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944270/#:~:text=Obesity%20was%20significantly%20associated%20with,1.81%2C%20p%20%3C%200.0001). Obesity is associated with increased risk of invasive penile cancer]'' , BMC Urol. 2016; 16: 42. Published online 2016 Jul 13. doi: 10.1186/s12894-016-0161-7
*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02512.x/abstract Sex with Animals (SWA): Behavioral Characteristics and Possible Association with Penile Cancer. A Multicenter Study]
*[https://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-11-bestiality-linked-penile-cancer.html Bestiality linked to penile cancer], Medical Xpress website
*[https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/study-links-bestiality-penile-cancer/1932492/ Study Links Bestiality, Penile Cancer], NBC New York</ref>
The medical journal article ''Risk Factors and Prevalence of Penile Cancer'' states:
{{Cquote|...in a society where [[masculinity]] is defined by and associated with the presence of the phallus, penile cancer affects [[male]] [[self-esteem]] and may lead to [[depression]]. The vexing issue with penile cancer lies in the fact that it is a largely preventable disease, where significant risk factors are modifiable."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663967/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20of%20America,per%20100%20000%20(1). Risk Factors and Prevalence of Penile Cancer], West Indian Med Journal. 2014 Oct; 63(6): 559–560, Published online 2015 Jul 28. doi: 10.7727/wimj.2015.381</ref>}}
See also: [[Atheism and depression]] and [[Atheism and self-esteem]]
== See also ==
== See also ==