Changes

==Background==

==Background==

Of  [[Italy|Italian]] [[Roman Catholic]] ancestry, D'Amato was born in the [[Brooklyn]] borough to Armand D'Amato, an [[insurance]] broker, and the former Antoinette Ciofarri. He was reared on [[Long Island]], in the[[village]] of Island Park.<ref>{{cite web|title=D'Amato, Alfonse M.|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/d/alfonse_m_damato/index.html|accessdate=May 27, 2020|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref>  He is a graduate of Chaminade High School, [[Syracuse University]], and the Syracuse School of Law, both in Syracuse, New York.

Of  [[Italy|Italian]] [[Roman Catholic]] ancestry, D'Amato was born in the [[Brooklyn]] borough to Armand D'Amato, an [[insurance]] broker, and the former Antoinette Ciofarri. He was reared on [[Long Island]], in the[[village]] of Island Park.<ref>{{cite web|title=D'Amato, Alfonse M.|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/d/alfonse_m_damato/index.html|accessdate=May 27, 2020|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref>  He is a graduate of Chaminade High School, [[Syracuse University]], and the Syracuse School of Law, both in Syracuse, New York.

 

From his first marriage to Penelope D'Amato, he had four children. By his second wife, Katuria, he has a son,  Alfonso Marcello D'Amato, Jr. (born 2008), and a daughter, Luciana Cioffari D'Amato (born 2009).<ref>{{cite web|author=Anne Bratskeir|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/d-amato-and-wife-welcome-baby-daughter-1.1528435|title=D'Amato and wife welcome baby daughter|publisher=''Newsday''|date=October 16, 2009|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>  Katuria D'Amato filed for divorce in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/10/10/ex-senator-al-damatos-wife-files-for-divorce/|title=Ex-Sen. Al D’Amato’s wife files for divorce|publisher=''The New York Post''|author=Julia Marsh|date=October 10, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>​

From his first marriage to Penelope D'Amato, he had four children. By his second wife, Katuria, he has a son,  Alfonso Marcello D'Amato, Jr. (born 2008), and a daughter, Luciana Cioffari D'Amato (born 2009).<ref>{{cite web|author=Anne Bratskeir|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/d-amato-and-wife-welcome-baby-daughter-1.1528435|title=D'Amato and wife welcome baby daughter|publisher=''Newsday''|date=October 16, 2009|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>  Katuria D'Amato filed for divorce in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2017/10/10/ex-senator-al-damatos-wife-files-for-divorce/|title=Ex-Sen. Al D’Amato’s wife files for divorce|publisher=''The New York Post''|author=Julia Marsh|date=October 10, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>​

In 1979, Javits disclosed that he had [[Lou Gehrig's Disease|Lou Gehrig's disease]]. Despite his obscurity as a statewide candidate, D'Amato unseated Senator Javits in their [[primary]], 56 to 44 percent.  Javits continued his campaign in the [[general election]] as he nominee of the New York Liberal Party. In that same election, [[Ronald Reagan]] carried New York, but Javits polled only 11 percent of the vote. D'Amato defeated the Democratic nominee then [[U.S. Representative]] Elizabeth Holtzman, 45 to 44 percent. D'Amato won again in 1986 and 1992 but lost to Schumer in 1998.​

In 1979, Javits disclosed that he had [[Lou Gehrig's Disease|Lou Gehrig's disease]]. Despite his obscurity as a statewide candidate, D'Amato unseated Senator Javits in their [[primary]], 56 to 44 percent.  Javits continued his campaign in the [[general election]] as he nominee of the New York Liberal Party. In that same election, [[Ronald Reagan]] carried New York, but Javits polled only 11 percent of the vote. D'Amato defeated the Democratic nominee then [[U.S. Representative]] Elizabeth Holtzman, 45 to 44 percent. D'Amato won again in 1986 and 1992 but lost to Schumer in 1998.​

 

Because of his emphasis on constituent services, in the tradition of his colleague [[Strom Thurmond]] of [[South Carolina]], he became known as "Senator Pothole." His supporters did not object to the appellation because they appreciated his focus on getting things done.​ D'Amato holds the record for the second and eighth longest [[filibuster]]s in the Senate, some of which became comical in nature. (Strom Thurmond held the record for the longest filibuster in opposing the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4465974/user-clip-al-damato-filibuster-1992|title=User Clip: Al D'Amato Filibuster, 1992|date=September 25, 2013|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>

Because of his emphasis on constituent services, in the tradition of his colleague [[Strom Thurmond]] of [[South Carolina]], he became known as "Senator Pothole." His supporters did not object to the appellation because they appreciated his focus on getting things done.​ D'Amato holds the record for the second and eighth longest [[filibuster]]s in the Senate, some of which became comical in nature. (Strom Thurmond held the record for the longest filibuster in opposing the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4465974/user-clip-al-damato-filibuster-1992|title=User Clip: Al D'Amato Filibuster, 1992|date=September 25, 2013|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>

In 1983, he voted for the [[Martin Luther King]] Holiday legislation, signed into law by President Reagan and taking effect in 1986 on the third Monday of January. In 1987, he backed the Civil Rights Restoration Act and also voted to  override President Reagan's veto of the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=To Pass S 557, Civil Rights Restoration Act|publisher=Govtrack.us|date=January 28, 1988|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> He supported the confirmation of [[Robert Bork]] and [[Clarence Thomas]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]]; Bork was rejected by senators, including some [[Moderate Republicans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate-s-roll-call-on-the-bork-vote.html|title=Senate's Roll-Call on the Bork Vote|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 24, 1987|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> but Thomas was narrowly confirmed in 1991, 52 to 48, with the support of eleven Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/16/us/the-thomas-confirmation-how-the-senators-voted-on-thomas.html|title=The Thomas Confirmation: How the Senators Voted on Thomas|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 16, 1991|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>

In 1983, he voted for the [[Martin Luther King]] Holiday legislation, signed into law by President Reagan and taking effect in 1986 on the third Monday of January. In 1987, he backed the Civil Rights Restoration Act and also voted to  override President Reagan's veto of the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=To Pass S 557, Civil Rights Restoration Act|publisher=Govtrack.us|date=January 28, 1988|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> He supported the confirmation of [[Robert Bork]] and [[Clarence Thomas]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]]; Bork was rejected by senators, including some [[Moderate Republicans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/us/senate-s-roll-call-on-the-bork-vote.html|title=Senate's Roll-Call on the Bork Vote|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 24, 1987|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> but Thomas was narrowly confirmed in 1991, 52 to 48, with the support of eleven Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/16/us/the-thomas-confirmation-how-the-senators-voted-on-thomas.html|title=The Thomas Confirmation: How the Senators Voted on Thomas|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 16, 1991|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref>