Changes

Brownell wrote the original version of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]], and the legislation was submitted to Congress by Eisenhower.<ref name=americanthinker/> After passing the House with most of the opposition from [[Democrats]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42 HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> the bill was weakened in the Senate under the direction of then-[[Senate Majority Leader|Majority Leader]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]],<ref>[https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Civil-Rights-Act-of-1957/ The Civil Rights Act of 1957]. ''Us House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> who pushed through a jury trial amendment to compromise with [[segregation]]ists.<ref>DiEugenio, James (October 7, 2018). [https://kennedysandking.com/reviews/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights-how-the-msm-continues-to-distort-history-part-2 The Kennedys and Civil Rights: How the MSM Continues to Distort History, Part 2]. ''Kennedys and King''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> In order to prevent the Democrats on the national level as being viewed as civil rights obstructionists, Johnson ensured that rather than the bill going down in a filibuster by the Southern Democrats, the legislation be weakened to prevent progress if enacted. The Senate passed on July 24th an amendment which removed authority for the attorney general to intervene in civil rights cases,<ref name=encyclopedia.com/><ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s71 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO DELETE AUTHORITY FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL TO SEEK PREVENTIVE RELIEF IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES UNDER THE 14TH AMENDMENT.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> and on August 2nd the jury trial amendment.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s73 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO GUARANTEE JURY TRIALS IN ALL CASES OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT AND PROVIDE UNIFORM METHODS FOR SELECTING FEDERAL COURT JURIES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> Only ''then'' was the Act passed by the Senate,<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> which Eisenhower still signed into law.

Brownell wrote the original version of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]], and the legislation was submitted to Congress by Eisenhower.<ref name=americanthinker/> After passing the House with most of the opposition from [[Democrats]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42 HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> the bill was weakened in the Senate under the direction of then-[[Senate Majority Leader|Majority Leader]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]],<ref>[https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Civil-Rights-Act-of-1957/ The Civil Rights Act of 1957]. ''Us House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> who pushed through a jury trial amendment to compromise with [[segregation]]ists.<ref>DiEugenio, James (October 7, 2018). [https://kennedysandking.com/reviews/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights-how-the-msm-continues-to-distort-history-part-2 The Kennedys and Civil Rights: How the MSM Continues to Distort History, Part 2]. ''Kennedys and King''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> In order to prevent the Democrats on the national level as being viewed as civil rights obstructionists, Johnson ensured that rather than the bill going down in a filibuster by the Southern Democrats, the legislation be weakened to prevent progress if enacted. The Senate passed on July 24th an amendment which removed authority for the attorney general to intervene in civil rights cases,<ref name=encyclopedia.com/><ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s71 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO DELETE AUTHORITY FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL TO SEEK PREVENTIVE RELIEF IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES UNDER THE 14TH AMENDMENT.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> and on August 2nd the jury trial amendment.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s73 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO GUARANTEE JURY TRIALS IN ALL CASES OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT AND PROVIDE UNIFORM METHODS FOR SELECTING FEDERAL COURT JURIES.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> Only ''then'' was the Act passed by the Senate,<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> which Eisenhower still signed into law.

An outspoken opponent of [[communist]] sedition, Brownell recommended to Eisenhower in 1953 that calls to give clemency to [[Julius Rosenberg|Julius]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]] be rejected.<ref name=chicagotribune/> The Rosenbergs were ultimately executed for conspiring to hand U.S. nuclear secrets to the [[Soviet Union]].  Brownell and Sen. [[Joseph McCarthy]], a Wisconsin Republican senator who exposed communist infiltration of the [[United States State Department]] and the [[U.S. Army]], alleged that [[President Truman]] had known that Treasury Undersecretary [[Harry Dexter White]] was a Soviet spy when he appointed him as the first head of the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,823119,00.html Time Magazine, ''The White Case Record'', Nov. 30, 1953].</ref>  This has now been refuted by declassified documents through the [[Freedom of Information Act]] which attest Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project which identified Soviet spies in government.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/foreword.html Chairman's Forward, Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy] (1997).</ref>  The 1997 [[bipartisan]] [[Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]], chaired by Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], states in its findings,

An outspoken opponent of [[communist]] sedition, Brownell recommended to Eisenhower in 1953 that calls to give clemency to [[Julius Rosenberg|Julius]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]] be rejected.<ref name=chicagotribune/> The Rosenbergs were ultimately executed for conspiring to hand U.S. nuclear secrets to the [[Soviet Union]].   

 

Brownell and Sen. [[Joseph McCarthy]], a Wisconsin Republican senator who exposed communist infiltration of the [[United States State Department]] and the [[U.S. Army]], alleged that [[President Truman]] had known that Treasury Undersecretary [[Harry Dexter White]] was a Soviet spy when he appointed him as the first head of the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,823119,00.html Time Magazine, ''The White Case Record'', Nov. 30, 1953].</ref>  This has now been refuted by declassified documents through the [[Freedom of Information Act]] which attest Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project which identified Soviet spies in government.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/foreword.html Chairman's Forward, Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy] (1997).</ref>  The 1997 [[bipartisan]] [[Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]], chaired by Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], states in its findings,

:''The complicity of [[Alger Hiss]] of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department.''<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa7.html  Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Appendix A, 7. The Cold War] (1997).</ref>

:''The complicity of [[Alger Hiss]] of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department.''<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa7.html  Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Appendix A, 7. The Cold War] (1997).</ref>

Brownell also worked secretly to undermine some of the "excesses" of McCarthy.<ref name=encyclopedia.com/>

Brownell also worked secretly to undermine some of the "excesses" of McCarthy.<ref name=encyclopedia.com/>