Changes

==Effectiveness of Parental Spanking==

==Effectiveness of Parental Spanking==

Surveys show that a majority of American adults agree that "it is sometimes necessary to discipline a child with a good, hard spanking".<ref>https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americans-opinions-on-spanking-vary-by-party-race-region-and-religion/ Harry Enten, FiveThirtyEight.com, Americans’ Opinions On Spanking Vary By Party, Race, Region And Religion</ref> Despite this, liberal activists have sometimes used scientific studies to claim that spanking children is not effective. However, these studies contain serious methodological flaws including the 'lumping fallacy' where researchers with an agenda lump spanking together with serious physical violence and the 'correlational fallacy', where researchers find that badly behaved children are more likely to be spanked and incorrectly infer that the spanking caused the bad behaviour instead of the bad behaviour causing the spanking. <ref>[https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.13097] Larzelere et al (2018) Improving Causal Inferences in Meta-analyses of Longitudinal Studies: Spanking as an Illustration</ref> An unbiased meta-analysis of the scientific evidence found that traditional spanking "is not associated with any more adverse outcomes in children than is any other type of corrective discipline" and that "spanking is one of the most effective disciplinary tactics" for children aged 2-6.<ref>[https://sites.oxy.edu/clint/learn/articles/ComparingChildOutcomesofPhysicalPunishmentandAlternativeDisciplinary.pdf]Larzelere and Kuhn (2007) Comparing Child Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary  

Surveys show that a majority of American adults agree that "it is sometimes necessary to discipline a child with a good, hard spanking".<ref>https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americans-opinions-on-spanking-vary-by-party-race-region-and-religion/ Harry Enten, FiveThirtyEight.com, Americans’ Opinions On Spanking Vary By Party, Race, Region And Religion</ref> Despite this, liberal activists have sometimes used scientific studies to claim that spanking children is not effective. However, these studies contain serious methodological flaws including the 'lumping fallacy' where researchers with an agenda lump spanking together with serious physical violence and the 'correlational fallacy', where researchers find that badly behaved children are more likely to be spanked and incorrectly infer that the spanking caused the bad behaviour instead of the bad behaviour causing the spanking. <ref>[https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.13097] Larzelere et al (2018) Improving Causal Inferences in Meta-analyses of Longitudinal Studies: Spanking as an Illustration</ref> An unbiased meta-analysis of the scientific evidence found that traditional spanking "is not associated with any more adverse outcomes in children than is any other type of corrective discipline" and that "spanking is one of the most effective disciplinary tactics" for children aged 2-6.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-2340-z Larzelere and Kuhn (2007) Comparing Child Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary  

Tactics: A Meta-Analysis</ref> Furthermore, there is evidence that child delinquency and crime has increased in countries like Sweden after they have banned spanking.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613] Robert E. Larzelere, Marjorie Lindner Gunnoe, Mark W. Roberts & Christopher J. Ferguson (2017) Children and Parents Deserve Better Parental Discipline Research: Critiquing the Evidence for Exclusively “Positive” Parenting, Marriage & Family Review, 53:1, 24-35, DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613</ref>. By contrast, Singapore, where spanking is culturally accepted and is common both at home and in school,<ref>https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/young-singaporean-parents-may-still-be-using-corporal-punishment-heres-why The Asian Parent - Young Singaporean parents may still be using corporal punishment. Here's why!</ref> and where corporal punishment is imposed by courts for some criminal offences,<ref>https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/caning-singapore-judicial-school-parental-corporal-punishment/ Singapore Legal Advice - Corporal Punishment</ref> has a very low rate of youth crime and has been ranked "the world’s safest city" for personal security.<ref>https://www.osac.gov/Country/Singapore/Content/Detail/Report/7f0cc2bc-ba9b-4485-b58b-1861aa0f8fc3 OSAC Singapore 2020 Crime & Safety Report</ref>

Tactics: A Meta-Analysis</ref> Furthermore, there is evidence that child delinquency and crime has increased in countries like Sweden after they have banned spanking.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613] Robert E. Larzelere, Marjorie Lindner Gunnoe, Mark W. Roberts & Christopher J. Ferguson (2017) Children and Parents Deserve Better Parental Discipline Research: Critiquing the Evidence for Exclusively “Positive” Parenting, Marriage & Family Review, 53:1, 24-35, DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613</ref>. By contrast, Singapore, where spanking is culturally accepted and is common both at home and in school,<ref>https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/young-singaporean-parents-may-still-be-using-corporal-punishment-heres-why The Asian Parent - Young Singaporean parents may still be using corporal punishment. Here's why!</ref> and where corporal punishment is imposed by courts for some criminal offences,<ref>https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/caning-singapore-judicial-school-parental-corporal-punishment/ Singapore Legal Advice - Corporal Punishment</ref> has a very low rate of youth crime and has been ranked "the world’s safest city" for personal security.<ref>https://www.osac.gov/Country/Singapore/Content/Detail/Report/7f0cc2bc-ba9b-4485-b58b-1861aa0f8fc3 OSAC Singapore 2020 Crime & Safety Report</ref>