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|name=John A. Logan

|name=John A. Logan

|image=John A. Logan portrait.png

|image=John A. Logan portrait.png

|party=[[Democratic Party|Democrat]] (until 1866)<br>[[Republican]] (since 1866)

|party=[[Democratic Party|Democrat]] (until 1867)<br>[[Republican]] (since 1867)

|spouse=Mary Simmerson

|spouse=Mary Simmerson

|religion=[[Methodist]]

|religion=[[Methodist]]

}}

}}

'''John Alexander Logan, Sr.''' (February 9, 1826 – December 26, 1886), also known as '''Black Jack''', was an American General and a prominent Democrat-turned-Republican politician. He participated in the [[Mexican War|Mexican–American War]] and served in the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]]. Logan was later a U.S. senator from Illinois and candidate for Vice President of the United States during the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]].

'''John Alexander Logan Sr.''' (February 9, 1826 – December 26, 1886), also known as '''Black Jack''',<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio>[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/john-logan John A. Logan]. ''American Battlefield Trust''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> was an American General and a prominent Democrat-turned-Republican politician. He participated in the [[Mexican War|Mexican–American War]] and served in the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]]. Logan was later a U.S. senator from Illinois and candidate for Vice President of the United States during the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]].

Logan's name is mentioned in the [[Illinois]] State Song.

Logan's name is mentioned in the [[Illinois]] State Song.

==Political career==

==Political career==

[[File:John Logan.jpg|thumb|left|Gen. John Logan.]]

[[File:John Logan.jpg|thumb|left|Gen. John Logan.]]

Until the 1860s, Logan was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party]], and became a Republican out of support for the policies of the [[Radical Republicans]].<ref>Jones, John Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois], p. 2–3. ''Google Books''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He always held a disdain for the [[Confederacy]], forcefully denouncing them as traitors who instigated bloodshed and chaos.

Until the 1860s, Logan was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party]] who was in line with Jacksonian policies,<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio/> though later became a Republican out of support for the policies of the [[Radical Republicans]].<ref>Jones, John Pickett (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois], p. 2–3. ''Google Books''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He held a disdain for the [[Confederacy]], forcefully denouncing them as traitors who instigated bloodshed and chaos.

Logan was a fierce advocate of ensuring and protecting the constitutional rights of blacks against Democrat infringements, fighting based on personal moral convictions. In spite of [[historical revisionism]] which suggests that this was merely political opportunism, Logan's vocal support for black suffrage had little to profit from.<ref name=p.xi>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. xi.</ref> According to his biography ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'':

Logan was a fierce advocate of ensuring and protecting the constitutional rights of blacks against Democrat infringements, fighting based on personal moral convictions. In spite of [[historical revisionism]] which suggests that this was merely political opportunism, Logan's vocal support for black suffrage had little to profit from.<ref name=p.xi>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. xi.</ref> According to his biography ''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'':

===U.S. House of Representatives===

===U.S. House of Representatives===

Logan was first elected to Congress in the 1858 midterms and in 1860 as a Democrat,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=8681 Candidate - John Alexander Logan]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and later elected yet again from Illinois' at-large congressional district in the 1866 midterms by sixteen percentage points.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=634056 IL At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1866]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He was re-elected in 1868<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629386 IL At-Large Race - Nov 03, 1868]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and 1870,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629384 IL At-Large Race - Nov 08, 1870]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> with considerably narrower victory margins of 11% and 8% respectively.

Logan was first elected to Congress in the 1858 midterms and in 1860 as a Democrat,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=8681 Candidate - John Alexander Logan]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and later elected yet again from Illinois' at-large congressional district in the 1866 midterms<ref name=battlefieldtrustbio/> by sixteen percentage points.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=634056 IL At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1866]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> He was re-elected in 1868<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629386 IL At-Large Race - Nov 03, 1868]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> and 1870,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=629384 IL At-Large Race - Nov 08, 1870]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</ref> with considerably narrower victory margins of 11% and 8% respectively.

In the House, Logan emerged as an avid ally of Radical Republicans, frequently being quick to denounce Democrats as traitorous Confederates and [[Copperheads]] who dragged the nation into misery;<ref name=p.9-10>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref> this tactic was known as "waving the bloody shirt." Logan furthermore stated on voting rights for blacks:<ref name=p.9-10/>

In the House, Logan emerged as an avid ally of Radical Republicans, frequently being quick to denounce Democrats as traitorous Confederates and [[Copperheads]] who dragged the nation into misery;<ref name=p.9-10>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', pp. 9–10.</ref> this tactic was known as "waving the bloody shirt." Logan furthermore stated on voting rights for blacks:<ref name=p.9-10/>

====Logan defends the spoils system====

====Logan defends the spoils system====

Following the 1868 results, Logan returned to [[Washington, D.C.]] for the lame duck session before Grant would take office.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 33–34.</ref> During the Grant presidency, he opposed efforts to enact civil service reform, railing against a bill introduced by fellow Republican Thomas Jenckes of [[Rhode Island]] to enact such as being:

Following the 1868 results, Logan returned to [[Washington, D.C.]] for the lame duck session before Grant would take office.<ref>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 33–34.</ref> During the Grant presidency, he opposed efforts to enact civil service reform, railing against a bill introduced by fellow Republican [[Thomas Jenckes]] of [[Rhode Island]] to enact such as being:

{{cquote|...bad in theory, wrong in principle, opposed to the genius and spirit of our institutions and our people, and probably unconstitutional.|||Logan}}

{{cquote|...bad in theory, wrong in principle, opposed to the genius and spirit of our institutions and our people, and probably unconstitutional.|||Logan}}

====Opposition towards high tariffs====

====Opposition towards high tariffs====

Unlike many Republicans, Logan did not favor a higher level of protective tariffs aimed at benefiting domestic business interests.<ref name=41-42>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 41–42.</ref> Advocating on behalf of farmer interests, he quarreled with [[Pennsylvania]] colleague William "Pig Iron" Kelley and argued that protectionism did not aid the "laboring man." When lamented by Kelly of being unhelpful for the GOP, Logan retorted:<ref name=41-42/>

Unlike many Republicans, Logan did not favor a higher level of protective tariffs aimed at benefiting domestic business interests.<ref name=41-42>''John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois'', p. 41–42.</ref> Advocating on behalf of farmer interests, he quarreled with colleague William "Pig Iron" Kelley of [[Pennsylvania]] over a bill and argued that protectionism did not aid the "laboring man." When lamented by Kelly of being unhelpful for the GOP, Logan retorted:<ref name=41-42/>

{{cquote|In my section of the country this is not regarded as a party question.}}

{{cquote|In my section of the country this is not regarded as a party question.|||Logan}}

 

 

==Quotes==

==Quotes==

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://logan-twp.org/about.htm The Township of Logan]

*[http://logan-twp.org/about.htm The Township of Logan]

*[http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html Memorial Day History]

*[http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html Memorial Day History]

[[Category:Former United States Senators]]

[[Category:Former United States Senators]]

[[Category:American Civil War Commanders]]

[[Category:American Civil War Commanders]]

[[Category:United States Veterans]]

[[Category:United States Veterans]]

[[Category:Reconstruction]]

[[Category:Reconstruction]]