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Marks reports that the [[CIA]] attempted to develop a brainwashing technique of their own. After years of experimentation, they concluded that no reliable method existed to make anyone do or say anything he would not otherwise want to do, except that months of the brutal regimen in Soviet or Chinese prisons would be sufficient to cause a prisoner to say or do anything to bring the ordeal to an end. Marks also notes that British and other allied prisoners did not confess or collaborate in such large numbers.<ref name=Marks>Marks J, "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate", ch. 8 ("Brainwashing"), in ''The Psychedelic Library''. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks8.htm></ref>
Marks reports that the [[CIA]] attempted to develop a brainwashing technique of their own. After years of experimentation, they concluded that no reliable method existed to make anyone do or say anything he would not otherwise want to do, except that months of the brutal regimen in Soviet or Chinese prisons would be sufficient to cause a prisoner to say or do anything to bring the ordeal to an end. Marks also notes that British and other allied prisoners did not confess or collaborate in such large numbers.<ref name=Marks>Marks J, "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate", ch. 8 ("Brainwashing"), in ''The Psychedelic Library''. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks8.htm></ref>
Allegations of techniques for impressing an idea or a command on the subconscious mind arguably date back to the [[Crusades]]. Specifically, the Nizari Ismailis, under the leadership of Hassan-e Sabbah, gained a reputation for secret murder against the enemies of Shi'a [[Islam]]. [[Marco Polo]] and others alleged that the operatives of this sect that committed these murders did so while under the influence of [[hashish]], administered to them in a training facility that was part barracks, part bordello. Thus this sect gained the Arabic name ''hashishiyyim'', or ''hashshasheen'', which in Vulgar [[Latin]] became ''asesini'', or Assassins in English.<ref name=looklex>Kjeilen, Tore, "Assassins," ''Encyclopedia of the Orient'', 1996. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://looklex.com/e.o/assassins.htm></ref><ref name=Zalman>Zalman A, "Assassins (Hashishiyyin) (Persia & Syria, 11th-12th Century)", About.com, n.d. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://terrorism.about.com/od/groupsleader1/p/Assassins.htm></ref><ref name=britannica>"Assassin", ''The Encyclopedia Britannica'', 1911. Quoted entirely by M. Snell at About.com. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/aentries/a/11_assassin.htm></ref>
The term later appeared in the context of [[religious conversion]] to the [[Unification Church]], and the controversial services of Ted Patrick, who called himself a "[[Deprogramming|deprogrammer]]." However, an investigation by the American Psychological Association in the 1980s ended with the conclusion that "mind control" (as applied to [[religious conversion]] of volunteers) was not a [[scientific]]ally viable theory.<ref name=Molko>''Molko and Leal v. Unification Church'', brief ''amicus curiae'' of the American Psychiatric Association, No. SF 25038, Court of Appeal No. A020935, San Francisco Superior Court No. 769-529. Hosted at Center for Studies of New Religions. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://www.cesnur.org/testi/molko_brief.htm></ref>
The term later appeared in the context of [[religious conversion]] to the [[Unification Church]], and the controversial services of Ted Patrick, who called himself a "[[Deprogramming|deprogrammer]]." However, an investigation by the American Psychological Association in the 1980s ended with the conclusion that "mind control" (as applied to [[religious conversion]] of volunteers) was not a [[scientific]]ally viable theory.<ref name=Molko>''Molko and Leal v. Unification Church'', brief ''amicus curiae'' of the American Psychiatric Association, No. SF 25038, Court of Appeal No. A020935, San Francisco Superior Court No. 769-529. Hosted at Center for Studies of New Religions. Accessed April 8, 2009. <http://www.cesnur.org/testi/molko_brief.htm></ref>
== The concept in detail ==
== The concept in detail ==
{{See also|Cancel culture}}
{{See also|Cancel culture}}
Robert Jay Lifton studied former American POWs from the [[Korean War]] and published a description of the specific techniques used on them. He said that all prisoners who made confessions to imagined war crimes had undergone the following stages in their conditioning:
Robert Jay Lifton studied former American POWs from the [[Korean War]] and published a description of the specific techniques used on them. He said that all prisoners who made confessions to imagined war crimes had undergone the following stages in their conditioning: