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==U.S. Senate==
==U.S. Senate==
He had previously served as a [[Democrat]] in the [[U.S. Senate]] from 1927–1937, winning the 1926 election<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3406 AL US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1926]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</ref> and re-election in 1932.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3405 AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1932]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</ref> Black built his winning Senate campaign around multiple appearances at KKK meetings.
He had previously served as a [[Democrat]] in the [[U.S. Senate]] from 1927–1937, winning the 1926 election<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3406 AL US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1926]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</ref> and re-election in 1932.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3405 AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1932]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved May 27, 2021.</ref> Black built his winning Senate campaign around multiple appearances at KKK meetings.
In 1935, Black was part of the Southern Democratic filibuster against the [[Costigan–Wagner Act]] (also known as the [[Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935]]). However, unlike colleagues who employed racial (in the case of demagogues such as "Cotton Ed" Smith) or constitutional (including [[Walter F. George]]) arguments, Black bizarrely attacked the Act as an anti-labor conspiracy which would undermine unions.<ref>Greenbaum, Fred (1967). [https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-human-relations_third-quarter-1967_15_3 "The Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935: The Irony of "Equal Justice—Under Law"]," p. 79–82. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</ref>
In 1935, Black was part of the Southern Democratic filibuster against the [[Costigan–Wagner Act]] (also known as the [[Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935]]). However, unlike colleagues who employed racial (in the case of demagogues such as "Cotton Ed" Smith) or constitutional (including [[Walter F. George]]) arguments, Black bizarrely attacked the Act as an anti-labor conspiracy which would undermine unions.<ref>Greenbaum, Fred (1967). [https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-human-relations_third-quarter-1967_15_3 "The Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935: The Irony of "Equal Justice—Under Law"]," p. 79–82. Internet Archive. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</ref>
==Supreme Court==
==Supreme Court==
[[File:Hugo black kkk.jpeg|left|300px|thumb]]
Black was nominated by Roosevelt to the [[United States Supreme Court]] in August 1937. Civil rights groups including the [[NAACP]] demanded answers on his KKK membership. A month after being confirmed by the Senate, it was ''then'' confirmed by the ''Pittsburg Post-Gazette'' that he had been a member of the Klan. He refused to resign despite a national uproar which included hundreds protesting against him. He responded to these calls for resignation on October 1, 1937 in a radio address where he admitted to being a [[liberal]].<ref>
Black was nominated by Roosevelt to the [[United States Supreme Court]] in August 1937. Civil rights groups including the [[NAACP]] demanded answers on his KKK membership. A month after being confirmed by the Senate, it was ''then'' confirmed by the ''Pittsburg Post-Gazette'' that he had been a member of the Klan. He refused to resign despite a national uproar which included hundreds protesting against him. He responded to these calls for resignation on October 1, 1937 in a radio address where he admitted to being a [[liberal]].<ref>
https://youtu.be/p7BaRRPh428</ref>
https://youtu.be/p7BaRRPh428</ref>
Black was well known for his anti-Catholic viewpoints,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2LcraS1EgC&pg=PA219 The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States]</ref> and was profoundly influenced by the writings of [[Paul Blanshard]], a [[socialist]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=orksGKX8a64C&pg=PA521 Hugo Black: A Biography]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=e4YUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=86628a9v-moC&pg=PA224 Witnessing Their Faith: Religious Influence on Supreme Court Justices and Their Opinions]</ref> In ''Korematsu v. the United States'', Black voted to uphold [[President Roosevelt]]'s mass arrests and incarceration of [[Japanese]] men, women, and children based on [[race]].
Black was well known for his anti-Catholic viewpoints,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2LcraS1EgC&pg=PA219 The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States]</ref> and was profoundly influenced by the writings of [[Paul Blanshard]], a [[socialist]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=orksGKX8a64C&pg=PA521 Hugo Black: A Biography]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=e4YUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=86628a9v-moC&pg=PA224 Witnessing Their Faith: Religious Influence on Supreme Court Justices and Their Opinions]</ref> In ''Korematsu v. the United States'', Black voted to uphold [[President Roosevelt]]'s mass arrests and incarceration of [[Japanese]] men, women, and children based on [[race]].
===Unethical conduct===
On June 10, 1946, esteemed Supreme Court Justice [[Robert Jackson]] publicly accused Black of unethical conduct for having conflicts of interests in which Black cast deciding votes, and for pressuring the Court to issue a premature decision for benefit of the [[labor union]] side.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109625</ref>
==See also==
==See also==