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Oppenheimer confessed, "I was associated with the Communist movement,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 110 (PDF 120)</ref> and admitted having subscribed to the Communist Party organ ''People's World''<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 8 (PDF 18)</ref> "for several years."<ref>According to the FBI, he was subscribed as early as 1938. ([[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 [PDF 236]) Asked if his subscription expired after he joined the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer said: "Since I don't know when it was, I can't answer that question." He admitted, "I think I paid for it" and "I don't believe I canceled the subscription." [[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 157 (PDF 167)</ref> Throughout the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], when many other formerly stalwart Communists dropped out of the movement in disgust, Oppenheimer was, by his own admission, active in a number of [[Communist front]]s. He admitted having been a member of the western council of the Consumers Union<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (according to the FBI, he actually became a member of the Board of Counselors of this organization),<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> which was designated as subversive by the [[HUAC|Dies committee]] in 1939,<ref>Paul Gray, Tom Curry and Jane Van Tessel, "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982525,00.html Evaluating the Buyer's Bible]," ''Time'', February 20, 1995</ref> during the pact. In addition, from 1939 until at least 1942<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 158 (PDF 168)</ref> (throughout the duration of the pact), admitted Oppenheimer, he was a member of the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, which was identified by [[HUAC]] as a Communist front in 1942 and by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations as subversive and un-American the following year.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> Oppenheimer claimed not to remember sponsoring the American Friends of the Chinese People<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944),<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> but the organization listed him as a sponsor<ref>Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, California Legislature, [http://ia331325.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Un-American Activities in California, 1948: Communist Front Organizations, Fourth Report] (Sacramento, 1948), p. 144 (PDF p. 154)</ref> in 1940,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 124</ref> during the pact.

Oppenheimer confessed, "I was associated with the Communist movement,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 110 (PDF 120)</ref> and admitted having subscribed to the Communist Party organ ''People's World''<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 8 (PDF 18)</ref> "for several years."<ref>According to the FBI, he was subscribed as early as 1938. ([[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 [PDF 236]) Asked if his subscription expired after he joined the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer said: "Since I don't know when it was, I can't answer that question." He admitted, "I think I paid for it" and "I don't believe I canceled the subscription." [[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 157 (PDF 167)</ref> Throughout the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], when many other formerly stalwart Communists dropped out of the movement in disgust, Oppenheimer was, by his own admission, active in a number of [[Communist front]]s. He admitted having been a member of the western council of the Consumers Union<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (according to the FBI, he actually became a member of the Board of Counselors of this organization),<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> which was designated as subversive by the [[HUAC|Dies committee]] in 1939,<ref>Paul Gray, Tom Curry and Jane Van Tessel, "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982525,00.html Evaluating the Buyer's Bible]," ''Time'', February 20, 1995</ref> during the pact. In addition, from 1939 until at least 1942<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 158 (PDF 168)</ref> (throughout the duration of the pact), admitted Oppenheimer, he was a member of the American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, which was identified by [[HUAC]] as a Communist front in 1942 and by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations as subversive and un-American the following year.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> Oppenheimer claimed not to remember sponsoring the American Friends of the Chinese People<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> (identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944),<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 3 (PDF 13)</ref> but the organization listed him as a sponsor<ref>Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, California Legislature, [http://ia331325.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Un-American Activities in California, 1948: Communist Front Organizations, Fourth Report] (Sacramento, 1948), p. 144 (PDF p. 154)</ref> in 1940,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 124</ref> during the pact.

In addition, according to the FBI, Oppenheimer reportedly co-founded the Berkeley Conference for Civic Betterment (identified by the FBI as a "[[Communist front|front group]]"); was "a member of the Executive Committee of the American Civil Liberties Union, a Communist Party front group [in 1939, during the pact]";<ref>Under threat of being listed by HUAC in the wake of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the ACLU purged any "member of any political organization which supports totalitarian dictatorship in any country, or who by his public declaration and connections indicates his support of [http://content.cdlib.org/view?query=&docId=kt396n99b3&chunk.id=d0e2699&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&brand=oac&x=0&y=0 such a principle]" (including future CPUSA Chairman Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) from its Executive Committee in 1940, although its continued front activity caused it to be listed as a Communist front by a joint committee of the California Legislature in 1943: "The American Civil Liberties Union may be definitely classed as a Communist front or 'transmission belt' organization." [http://ia331324.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Communist Front Organizations], Fourth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee On Un-American Activities, California Legislature, 1948, p. 107 (PDF p. 117)</ref> a member of the Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy<ref>Oppenheimer was listed as a donor to this organization in ''People's World'', January 29, 1938, cited in [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF p. 236)</ref> (identified by [[HUAC]] in 1944 as one in a "series of Communist enterprises");<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, Annual Report, House Report 2233, June 7, 1946, p. 27; Cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 55 (PDF p. 71)</ref> a member of the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights (identified as subversive and un-American by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations in 1943, and as a Communist front by HUAC the following year);<ref>Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, Report, April 21, 1943, p. 3; Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, VV- 48 and 102; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 62 (PDF p. 78)</ref> and a donor to the Spanish Aid Committee,<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944 and as Communist by [[Harry Truman|Truman]] administration [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Clark]] in 1949.<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref>

In addition, according to the FBI, Oppenheimer reportedly co-founded the Berkeley Conference for Civic Betterment (identified by the FBI as a "[[Communist front|front group]]"); was "a member of the Executive Committee of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], a Communist Party front group [in 1939, during the pact]";<ref>Under threat of being listed by HUAC in the wake of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the ACLU purged any "member of any political organization which supports totalitarian dictatorship in any country, or who by his public declaration and connections indicates his support of [http://content.cdlib.org/view?query=&docId=kt396n99b3&chunk.id=d0e2699&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&brand=oac&x=0&y=0 such a principle]" (including future CPUSA Chairman Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) from its Executive Committee in 1940, although its continued front activity caused it to be listed as a Communist front by a joint committee of the California Legislature in 1943: "The American Civil Liberties Union may be definitely classed as a Communist front or 'transmission belt' organization." [http://ia331324.us.archive.org/3/items/reportofsenatefa00calirich/reportofsenatefa00calirich.pdf Communist Front Organizations], Fourth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee On Un-American Activities, California Legislature, 1948, p. 107 (PDF p. 117)</ref> a member of the Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy<ref>Oppenheimer was listed as a donor to this organization in ''People's World'', January 29, 1938, cited in [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF p. 236)</ref> (identified by [[HUAC]] in 1944 as one in a "series of Communist enterprises");<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, Annual Report, House Report 2233, June 7, 1946, p. 27; Cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 55 (PDF p. 71)</ref> a member of the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights (identified as subversive and un-American by a special subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations in 1943, and as a Communist front by HUAC the following year);<ref>Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, Report, April 21, 1943, p. 3; Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, VV- 48 and 102; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 62 (PDF p. 78)</ref> and a donor to the Spanish Aid Committee,<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> identified as a Communist front by HUAC in 1944 and as Communist by [[Harry Truman|Truman]] administration [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Clark]] in 1949.<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref>

===Communist Party membership===

===Communist Party membership===