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The conclusions section for the 2017 Swiss medical journal article ''Associations between Dietary Intake and Academic Achievement in College Students: A Systematic Review'' published in the medical journal ''Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)'' states:
The conclusions section for the 2017 Swiss medical journal article ''Associations between Dietary Intake and Academic Achievement in College Students: A Systematic Review'' published in the medical journal ''Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)'' states:
{{Cquote|This review examines the current evidence base relating dietary intake and academic achievement in university and college students. Overall, results suggest that diet may be associated with academic achievement, with the majority of studies associating more favourable dietary intake with higher academic achievement. Therefore, health promotion practitioners in the university setting should consider the positive role diet may play in students’ academic achievement when developing initiatives to promote healthy eating to students. Furthermore, health promotion practitioners may utilise the findings from the review to advocate within the university setting for the need to better support students to improve their eating habits, due to the potential impact on their academic performance. However, a limited number of lower methodological quality studies were identified, and some significant limitations of the available evidence are highlighted. Further research to more accurately determine the impact of diet on academic achievement in university and college students is warranted. Future studies should consider the use of validated dietary assessment methods, comprehensive measurement of overall dietary intake, standardised assessment and reporting of academic outcomes, and appropriate adjustment of analyses for confounding factors.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5746694/#:~:text=The%20previous%20review%20found%20regular,higher%20academic%20achievement%20%5B15%5D. Healthcare (Basel). 2017 Dec; 5(4): 60.]</ref>}}
{{Cquote|This review examines the current evidence base relating dietary intake and academic achievement in university and college students. Overall, results suggest that diet may be associated with academic achievement, with the majority of studies associating more favourable dietary intake with higher academic achievement. Therefore, health promotion practitioners in the university setting should consider the positive role diet may play in students’ academic achievement when developing initiatives to promote healthy eating to students. Furthermore, health promotion practitioners may utilise the findings from the review to advocate within the university setting for the need to better support students to improve their eating habits, due to the potential impact on their academic performance. However, a limited number of lower methodological quality studies were identified, and some significant limitations of the available evidence are highlighted. Further research to more accurately determine the impact of diet on academic achievement in university and college students is warranted. Future studies should consider the use of validated dietary assessment methods, comprehensive measurement of overall dietary intake, standardised assessment and reporting of academic outcomes, and appropriate adjustment of analyses for confounding factors.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5746694/#:~:text=The%20previous%20review%20found%20regular,higher%20academic%20achievement%20%5B15%5D. Healthcare (Basel). 2017 Dec; 5(4): 60.]</ref>}}
The journal article ''The influence of eating habits on the academic performance of university students'' published in the ''Journal of American College Health'' notes:
{{Cquote|Our study found that breakfast consumption, i.e. the number of days students consume breakfast per week, has a positive effect on their self-reported GPA. Students who had breakfast on at least five days per week reported a significantly higher GPA than students who had breakfast on three days or fewer. However, there are other factors, such as sleep habits and hours worked, that may have a greater positive or negative influence on student grades than eating breakfast.
Fast food consumption, on the other hand, has a negative effect on student achievement. Students who had fast food at least seven times in the past week reported significantly lower current GPAs than students who had eaten fast food less than four times or not at all.<ref>[''The influence of eating habits on the academic performance of university students''] by Peter R. Reuter, Bridget L. Forster & Sierra R. Brister, ''Journal of American College Health'', ISSN: 0744-8481 (Print) 1940-3208 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vach20, https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1715986</ref>}}
According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC): "Data from the 2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) show that students with higher academic grades are more likely to engage in healthy dietary behaviors compared to students with lower grades."<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/health_and_academics/health_academics_dietary.htm Dietary Behaviors and Academic Grades], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)</ref>
According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC): "Data from the 2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) show that students with higher academic grades are more likely to engage in healthy dietary behaviors compared to students with lower grades."<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/health_and_academics/health_academics_dietary.htm Dietary Behaviors and Academic Grades], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)</ref>